Category: Biology

Watch this video #1 (pay attention to where and how tRNA is involved): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY
Watch this video #2: Relationship between https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SM1YEBrOyI
The file to help you understand how mRNA is translated to tRNA. 
Q1) In video#1, what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Q2) You will use the following DNA sequence for the remaining questions. Let’s call it: strand A: CCTGTA
(a) What is the complementary DNA sequence of strand A (let’s call this complementary strand: strand B)?                                                                          
(b) What is the corresponding mRNA for strand B
(c) What is the corresponding tRNA sequence here?
(d) At the end of protein synthesis, what is sequence of Amino Acids you obtain from the DNA strand B?Q1) In video#1, what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Q2) You will use the following DNA sequence for the remaining questions. Let’s call it: strand A: CCTGTA
(a) What is the complementary DNA sequence of strand A (let’s call this complementary strand: strand B)?                                                                          
(b) What is the corresponding mRNA for strand B
(c) What is the corresponding tRNA sequence here?
(d) At the end of protein synthesis, what is sequence of Amino Acids you obtain from the DNA strand B?

Prompt: To what extent can an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term? an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term?  an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term? 
Instructions: Use 3-5 pages, double-spaced. Make use of key evidence from all the articles attached and provide your own opinion in your paper. Present your reasoning in a logical and organized manner and try to write clearly. Support your argument by referring to specific experimental evidence from the articles. Describe the experimental findings in your own words; do not quote the authors. Do not use artificial intelligence software.
Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent of how our brains are able to organize its control of movement over a period of time. FOcus on the studies shown in each paper. What did they do? How long did they train the particpants (monkeys, humans, etc.) for. If they had to redo some trials why? And what did that show reveal about their findings. The last paper “Ramachandran” provides intresting findings on phantom limbs anddiscuss what they hypothesised. Expalin how these findings were not confounded unlike the other papers, but still provide and interesting insight into the extent of how visual feedback can influence the patients sensation. For each articl focus on the guidnace questions listed on the first page. (see attachements)
Discuss the topics and mechanism addressed in each article, how they contradict and how they build on each other to show how population coding really works. 
“Neural plasticity” refers to the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury.
DO NOT:
DO NOT USE AI, I will not pay if AI is used as I will have to rewrite the paper myself anyways
DO NOT USE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES aside from the articles attachted.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Please Write the paper to discuss the attached articles in chronological order:
Held & Hein. (1958) 
Held (1965)
Nudo et al. (1996)
Moritz et al. (2008)
Serradj et al. (2023)
Ramachandran & Rogers-Ramachandran(1996)
The paper needs to address the over arching prompt thorughout the paper. Accuratly explain what each researcher did, they experiments they perfomed and the signficance of their findings. How did the progression throughout all 6 articles show our we have progressed in our understanding on neaural plasticity. Address how the papers build on each other to help us understand population coding, and how they differ from command neurons.
I attached a previous paper that was given a grad of A-. The structure of this old paper should serve as a model for the current paper on neual plasticity.  

My gene is ESR1, and the protein name is estrogen receptor 1. The paper should focus on breast cancer, a disease associated with ESR1. I will attach all of the necessary information like instructions and example papers. In the instructions, you will see that I need to propose 3 experiments I ask that you propose an experiment using (1) RT-qPCR which involves the use of the macromolecule (RNA), (2) Recombinant Cloning which involves the use of the macromolecule (DNA), and (3) Yeast two-hybrid assay which involves the use of the macromolecule (Proteins) This will all make sense once you read the instructions and review all the provided documents. This is for a 300-level biology course so a proficient display of knowledge and writing is expected. Please include a works cited page although that is in the instructions I wanted to ensure it is included. Thank you so much!

Ethics Paper Guide and Rubric (Video explanation)
Goal: Your goal is to think about a large scale ethical issue related to microbiology in which decisions must be made that affect many people. You will describe the microbiology information related to the issue, and then provide two possible decisions, and the pros and cons of these decisions.At the end, you will choose one of the two options, and explain your decision. Understanding and relating microbiology scientific concepts to a complex problem is the key here.
Choice of Topics
The topic should include an ethical dilemma related to a topic in microbiology where there are multiple possible options, none of which are clearly completely right or complete wrong
The topic should be considered from a broad perspective, such as public health, where the choices affect different groups in different ways.
Topics may include areas such as:
Genetic engineering (related to microbes)
Disease spread, prevention, and treatment
Environmental microbiology including pollution and remediation
Use of microbes to create products
Use of animals/humans/tissues/etc. in microbial applications
Immunology, vaccines, and drugs related to immune responses
It is recommended that your choice of topic be approved by your instructor
The information required for this assignment may come from a number of different places, all of which must be cited at the end of the assignment and in-text when these facts are mentioned. These places include:
Peer-reviewed studies from scholarly journals
The OpenStax Microbiology textbook or Microbiology Lab book
Other texts or books written by verified authors in their fields
Websites providing scientific information from verified sources, preferably primary sources
Generally this will NOT include most .org sites unless verified as medical/scientific research sources
Good online sources often include educational institutions (.edu) and government labs (.gov)
Other sources that have been checked with and vetted by your instructor
Formatting (if these are not correct, your paper will be returned ungraded)
Typed and in a single document (.docx, .pdf, Googledoc shared directly with **************************************** style=”font-weight: 400; font-size: 11pt; cursor: auto; color: inherit;” aria-level=”1″>
Font size 11 or 12
Double spaced
Left justified
Paragraphs are indented
Formal writing style (minimal use of pronouns such as “I” “you”)
Complete sentences
Minimal spelling/grammar issues
No quotes, paraphrase everything into your own words
Cite all facts in-text using the (Author(s) last name(s), year). style
Specifications of Content (ALL of these must be complete for the paper to count)
Introduction of the topic (1 paragraph)
Tell what the topic is
Provide a brief explanation of why this is an ethical issue
Note some of the possible alternatives or conflicting issues
Sufficient background data for a layperson to understand the topic (1-2 paragraphs)
Explain all scientific terms and concepts in easy to follow language
Provide details of similar or related experiments and data that can help place this topic in context
Identification of stakeholders (1 paragraph)
3 (or more) groups of people/animals/etc that are affected by the problem and have an interest in one or more specific outcomes
Here are examples of possible stakeholders:
Professions, such as doctors
Age groups, such as those over 65
People with a particular disease or disease category (immunocompromised)
Nationalities or ethnicities
Regulating agency, such as the CDC or FDA
Any other identifiable group of people with a similar piece of identity
For EACH group mentioned:
Tell why this topic affects them
What voice they have in the actions
What their priorities are likely to be in regard to the issue, i.e., what would they most likely want to see happen
Provide at least 2 different possible actions that could be taken related to your topic
These actions should be broad and affect large groups of people in different ways
These should not be individual choices
The actions are often opposite of each other, some examples include:
Allowing a particular type of experiment/procedure OR banning it
Requiring certain public safety measures (vaccines, etc.) OR making them optional
Changing procedures for the future OR leaving them as they are
For EACH action (1-2 paragraphs PER action)
Note the benefits of that action, which stakeholders would benefit, and what benefits would be received
Note the possible consequences of that action, which stakeholders would experience these consequences, and possible outcomes
Provide factual evidence for both benefits and consequences
You may present some benefits/consequences that are proposed, but do not yet show evidence, but be clear about what these are, and give the logical process that suggests these proposed benefits/consequences would occur
Cite in-text ALL factual evidence using the (Author(s) last name(s), year). Style
Paraphrase into your own words – do not quote OR make minor changes from quotes
A 1-3 sentence summarizing conclusion (1 paragraph)
Your personal choice of the best action
The evidence from your paper that lead you to that position
Complete Citations
At least 3 good scientific sources beyond class material
Any existing citation style (e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago) is fine so long as it is consistent
Here is an example paper I wrote on a non-microbiology topic to give you a sense of the style, layout, format, and expectations.
Outline
It is recommended that you start with an outline. This outline is worth a single point on its own so long as every question is answered and there are COMPLETE citations at the end with at least 3 good scientific sources beyond class material. Any existing citation style (e.g. APA, MLA, Chicago) is fine so long as it is consistent
The outline should still follow these formatting specifications:
Typed and in a single document (.docx, .pdf, Googledoc shared directly with **************************************** style=”font-weight: 400; font-size: 11pt; cursor: auto; color: inherit;” aria-level=”1″>
Font size 11 or 12
Double spaced
Left justified
No quotes, paraphrase everything into your own words
You should not use complete sentences to answer these questions, bullet points and fragments are sufficient. Do include enough information to describe each item.You do not need to add the in-text citations unless it is helpful for you.
On the next page, you will find the questions that you should copy and paste to answer for the outline.
Outline of Ethics Paper: copy and paste these questions directly into your document
Introduction
What is the ethical dilemma you are examining?
What makes this an ethical dilemma? 
Why is there not a clear right/wrong?
Background
What are the key scientific terms and concepts needed to understand this topic? List and describe these in understandable language.
Are there similar or related experiments and data that can help place this topic in context? Provide these and describe them.
Stakeholders
Who are the individuals or groups affected by this decision? Determine at least 3 groups of people affected who would see this issue from different angles.
For EACH group
Why does this topic affect them?
What voice do they have in the possible actions?
What are their priorities related to the topic and what would be their preferred outcome?
What is one possible action or direction that could be taken related to this ethical dilemma?
What are the benefits of that action? Provide benefits that can be backed up with factual evidence from good sources.
Which stakeholders would benefit and how does this relate to their priorities?
What are the consequences of that action? Provide consequences that can be backed up with factual evidence from good sources.
Which stakeholders would experience these consequences and how would this be in conflict with their priorities?
What is a second, different possible action or direction that could be taken related to this ethical dilemma? This COULD be the reverse of the first action.
What are the benefits of that action? Provide benefits that can be backed up with factual evidence from good sources.
Which stakeholders would benefit and how does this relate to their priorities?
What are the consequences of that action? Provide consequences that can be backed up with factual evidence from good sources.
Which stakeholders would experience these consequences and how would this be in conflict with their priorities?
Conclusion
What do YOU think is the best action to take?
What evidence led you to this position?
Sources
Put all sources used in a proper bibliographic form of your choice (Any form works here, including APA, MLA, etc.)
Consistency and having all the important pieces (authors, titles, journals, URLs, etc.) is more important than the actual format.

: Any neurological disease/disorder….include 
definition, signs/symptoms, diagnostic exams, statistics ( based on age ect.), treatment(s)

Write a library research paper on the Chimpanzee species
This paper is to sound like a college freshman wrote it for a biology class.
Include at least the following points (in any order or combination): 
o Common and scientific names for the organism 
o Its taxonomic status; to what other organisms it is closely related 
o Geographic range through which it normally lives 
o Ecological Niche; Trophic Position; Symbiotic Relationships 
o Reproductive Strategy
o Developmental Biology and Life History 
o Anatomical, Physiological and Behavioral Adaptations 
o Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolutionary History 
• Sources 
You must include atleast 6 peer reviewed articles among your sources 
The paper should not rely heavily on Wikipedia, Encyclopedia Britannica, the textbook, etc. 
You must include a complete list of all reference resources used to research and write the paper; use proper APA formatting 
You must properly cite all information presented in the paper (since you are unlikely to have done the primary research yourself, nearly every sentence should have a citation and proper quotation marks; no plagiarism
You should include footnotes or endnotes 
• Format 
Word count should be above 1500 words.
o Margins should be 1” all around 
o Font should be 12pts and lines double spaced o Paragraph first lines should be indented • 
o With respect to photos, illustrations, charts, graphs, etc, include them within the body of the paper (2-3 per page) at the appropriate parts and you must have a legend that explains what each of these demonstrates. 
o File should be a pdf

Please make sure to answer all the following questions and to include the article, images and videos links. No plagiarism please.
Research the discovery of DNA, who was the 1st to discover the structure and function of DNA. How did it become a scientific fact that we all agree on today? In your answer, try to trace back the history of the discovery of DNA. Try to share articles, videos, and images … 

DO NOT USE IA
Hormones are chemical messengers released by glands throughout the body. They bind to receptors on target cells either on the plasma membrane or inside the cell. These messenger direct changes to the target cells, such as inducing growth, protein synthesis, and DNA replication …  
Predict what can happen if someone experiences a hormonal imbalance. Be specific in your example by naming the hormone and the disease you can encounter. Is this disease preventable, and can it be cured? 

Read the article carefully. Find the meaning for unfamiliar terms. After reading the
article proceed to write only three paragraphs.
On the first two paragraphs you must include the summary of the article. Tell me
what the article is about. Please use the 5 W’s: Who, what, where, when and why.
(Be sure you answer all these W questions).
You must include the main ideas from the article that you want to emphasize. Use
your own words to avoid plagiarism.
On the third paragraph express your opinion about the article. Go beyond just
saying you like or dislike the article. Express your feelings, knowledge and your
professional opinion about the article, what are you learning about it and if you
want to pass this information to others and why.
Article: https://phys.org/news/2022-09-teams-sperm-smoothly-current.html

Approximate length should be at least 5 pages, double-spaced.
 Use standard margins (1” on left/right, 1” on top/bottom). Use 12-point font (or
smaller) – Times New Roman is suggested. Any fonts used that take up
significantly more space than Times New Roman will be noticed – so be careful.
 References that are from primary journal articles (also known as peer-reviewed
articles) are desirable, but not required.
 In addition, it is wise to find at least 1 review article on your subject, although this
is not required. Review articles are usually written by a prominent scientist in a
particular area of study, and provide a good overview of the subject.
 Helpful sites in searching for primary journal articles and review articles (in
addition to Science Direct):
www.pubmed.org – provides abstracts for most biological and medical
journals; some full text articles are available
www.journals.asm.org – provides abstracts for articles in the 12 journals
published by the American Society of Microbiology; articles older
than 6 months are available with full text
 Reference list should include, for each article from a journal:
authors’ last names and first initials
year of publication
title of article
journal/publication title(usually abbreviated)/volume/page numbers
 Each reference should be cited within the text; you can either cite the reference in
the text using the first author’s name followed by year of publication OR
you can use numbers in parentheses throughout your text, with the number
corresponding to the appropriate article in your reference list.
 References not cited in the text should not be included in your reference list.
 Web site references are acceptable to include, but it is suggested that your
reference list should not be solely made-up of just these types of references,
especially if they appear to be non-scientific sources.
 Figures/Tables can also be included in the paper, but these do not contribute to the
appropriate minimum length.
 Use good grammar – too many typos can hurt your grade.
 You should let me know what your topic is – I may be able to provide useful
information and hints on how to search.
 Browse through the textbook – especially at topics we are not scheduled to cover
in the course, or topics we do not have time to cover in as much detail as the
textbook provides (specific diseases, ecological relationships etc.); this may
provide a convenient way to choose a topic.