Category: Biology

What is your microbiome? Microbes commonly form symbiotic relationship with multicellular organisms such as the gut microbiome Links to an external site. of animals (bacteria colonizing our intestines) or the mycorrhiza Links to an external site. (mycorrhizome) of plant roots (fungi colonizing the roots of vascular plants). Find information about some of these microbial communities for humans, animals or plants. Explore the benefits of these microbial colonies for the host organism. You can discuss the human microbiome, or the plant mycorrhizal associations, or a combination thereof. Are there similarities in the benefits for both animals and plants? Is there a ‘logic’ to why some microbiomes are bacterial while mycorrhiza are dominantly fungi? Individually, pick one topic, as a class we should get a discussion of the larger spectrum of these microbiomes. please respond to the following top discussion (1-2 paragraphs) interact with the bottom response to a classmates discussion for the topic discussion. (1-2 paragraphs)
I found it interesting that some microbes are bacterial while mycorrhiza are dominantly fungi. This brought to my attention how there can be a variety of different type of species and ones that are similar to one another. That can also have their key differences that make that distinct and categorize them into different sections. This is what makes them identifiable for having different microbial boundaries. Fungi is most recognizable for having spores and the ability to keep growing. It is identifiable that human microbiome is different with special physical features as to compared to plant mycorrhizal. They have different structures and distinct sequences. I think that there is logic to the idea that different microbes have different formations and physical characteristics to them. The fungi microbials are found to have some relation to similarity with the microbials of bacteria. But they do have well understood differences.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/proteins/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/proteins/ – 3 source summary -outline -flyer – research paper

DNA replication is the process where the genetic material is duplicated before cell division. It follows a semiconservative model, with each new DNA molecule containing one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand. Enzymes like helicase unwind the DNA double helix, creating replication forks where DNA polymerases synthesize new strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is made in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase initiates RNA primers on the lagging strand, which DNA polymerase extends and DNA ligase joins into a continuous strand. Other enzymes like topoisomerases help in unwinding and relieving tension during replication. This process ensures accurate duplication of genetic information for cell division.

***PLEASE READ EVERYTHING THROUGH. I DO NOT MIND ANSWERING QUESTIONS IF YOU HAVE THEM. THANK YOU!!!***
The topic for week 14 is evolution and the origin of species. For week 14 you will look at a case study that leads you through an exploration of the evolutionary origin of apparently cooperative guarding behavior in meerkats. You will generate hypotheses, evaluate the predictions associated with them, and then analyze graphical data from the literature to determine which hypotheses for the evolution of this behavior are supported by evidence.
You will be led to confront your misconceptions about altruism and solidify your understanding of how natural selection operates in animal groups to drive the evolution of specific behaviors. 🦦Part A
Three C’s (Content, Concern, Connection)
Content: Pick something from this case study that stood out to you in some way. It could be something new you learned, something that made you think about this subject in a different way, or something you found interesting. Share the content you chose with the class and explain why you chose it.
Concern, or question: After reviewing this case study, what is one question or concern this content raised in your mind? This could be something that didn’t settle well with you, a question you have for future research or consideration, or something you’d like to know more about. Share this concern with the class and explain why you chose it.
Connection: Why is the content in this case study important? How does it relate to the real world and/or why is this case study important? You could draw upon real world examples like something you read in the news recently, something from your favorite TV show, or any other form of connection between this case study and the importance of its content outside the classroom.
🦦Part B
Then, from the case study, answer the following questions:
Introduction: Answer question 1 Part I: Answer questions 1-4
Part II: Answer question 2
Part III: Answer questions 2 and 4
Assessment: Answer questions 1 and 2
*Make sure you include the parts and question numbers in your post so we know which questions you are answering (i.e. ‘Part II, Question 4’)

After your Works Cited please include your research paper outline (so I can see your thought process) 
Checklist:
If your paper has no citations, I will not read or grade it. You will earn 0 points  (F)  
If your paper has quotations/quotes it will automatically mean -25 points per quotation as quotations are not allowed; citations imply you are rephrasing information from those papers.
-20 points for including figures in the middle of the text; all figures go after the 5 pages minimum text
-20 points for having too much blank space (as demoed in class)
-20 points for not having at least three peer reviewed journal articles
-20 points for misspelling and grammatical errors
If you have a Materials/Methods section you will loose -50 points. You did not conduct these experiments. This is not your Cell Bio course and I asked you to not include a section like that.
Make sure you DO NOT have a title page
Make sure you have your approved title at the top
Make sure you do not have excess/random white space indicating you did not have enough material for 5 pages
Make sure you use 10, 11, or 12 point font
Make sure it is either single, 1.5 or double spaced
Make sure you have 5 pages of text and ensure you have in text citations (numbers that correspond to references format also okay)
Order of information:
5 pages of text with citations pages 1 -5 (can be longer but not necessary)
Then, 2 figures with legends (and citations) but you can also include a figure you made on BioRender for extra credit
Then Works Cited/References
This draft should be completed with figures at the end of the 5 pages of text and a works cited. You must have citations of peer reviewed journal articles. It is imperative.  
Paper graded on:
Coherent flow – do the sentences make sense? Is it random facts or carefully throughout out paragraphs with a central purpose that matches the title? 
Spelling, Grammar
Content and impact – Why should we care about the topic you are teaching us about? What are the potential benefits or reasons to care or invest?
Connection to Evolution course – Please do no write a paper about a random illness or a drug. That will earn 50% off immediately as I will not/did not approve such titles.
Growth over your drafts – did you improve? Did you put your best effort?
Points Breakdown: 
25 points – Just for following the formatting request including your citations 
10 points – Approved and thoughtful title – I know what you’ll be discussing 
40 points – Introduction –  You are introducing thoughtful, relevant background, history, fun facts. You introduce your jargon and define it briefly. You describe what you are going to be talking about. You include significance (why is it important to consider this/learn about this?) Include vocabulary from class that is relevant when possible. Include citations. 
75 points – Body/Discussion – Written at the level of a junior/senior student in college, has citations 
50 points – Conclusion – Wrap up – make sure you are not including any new ideas or vocab. You are wrapping up the main ideas, ending with signficance of why the topic(s) you taught me about is relevant and important to the world at large, and how your literature review is connected to the course topic (Evolution). 
I will be asking myself the following questions: Was it clear from the get go what I was going to be reading about? Is it coherent? Was it random scientific terms in strings or was the writing coherent? Did this paper have citations? Is this topic related to evolution? Did the writer include significance? Is this scientifically accurate? 

Please read the rubric carefully. I need the photos labled according to the rubric. Not all photos need to be used. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1-sLahBGb66gUftY8ljQ3KZ3I61rjQxkK?usp=drive_link

WEEK 6: Part D: Written Report, Rough Draft (10%) 
Step 1: Using the information from Cronometer and Table 1, answer the following questions in paragraph form.  There is no need to rewrite the questions. 
Please write in complete sentences and answer the questions in paragraph form.  Points will be deducted for poor grammar and spelling errors. 
Add your citations to your Reference page in APA format, 7thedition for student papers.  Make sure your in-text citations are also in APA format, 7th edition for student papers.
Save the Rough Draft of your Written Report as a “Microsoft Word” or pdf file and unload into Turnitin.
Question 1a. 
Is your caloric intake appropriate for you?  Discuss how your actual caloric intake compares to your recommended intake. How does your current caloric intake affect your body weight, your energy level, and your overall health.  What is your body mass index and how do you interpret this ratio for yourself?
Question 1b. 
Using the information from Table 1, identify the nutrients you consumed that were 300% of the DRI/RDA)?  To answer this, go to PubMed.gov and find one study for each nutrient that discusses the consequences of a deficiency. You should have a minimum of two citations here.  Add all your citations to the end of your paper in APA format, 7th edition for student papers.
If your diet is adequate in every way and there is no room for improvement, then the two nutrients you will use to answer this question are vitamin D and Potassium. 
Question 2.  
Based on your responses to the previous questions, identify three dietary changes that you could make to improve your health.  (NOTE: exercise, which is beneficial to your health, is NOT a dietary change!).  Describe how you would accomplish these changes in terms of specific foods you would include or eliminate from your diet. Discuss why these changes may benefit your health or help prevent disease.  For example, a diet low in iron might cause anemia, which leads to weakness and fatigue.  Therefore, consuming foods high in iron such as lean red meat might be a good way to get more iron in your diet.  Vegetarians or people who eat meat occasionally can improve their iron status by eating non-meat iron foods with citrus juice to improve iron absorption. (Minimum 300 words for question 2).

Description of the issue: background and introduction. Cite the source of data/facts that you used.
Misinformation/Disinformation (M/D). Cite the source by using a number as listed in References.
Scientific Facts. Cite the source by using a number as listed in References.
Conclusion: Discuss how have you or would you detect and combat the M/D yourself and on a larger scale.
Virtually all scientists consider evolution a fact, but 52 % of Americans reject the concept of evolution. Present convincing arguments for both sides and discuss how to close this gap if appropriate.

Watch this video #1 (pay attention to where and how tRNA is involved): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY
Watch this video #2: Relationship between https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SM1YEBrOyI
The file to help you understand how mRNA is translated to tRNA. 
Q1) In video#1, what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Q2) You will use the following DNA sequence for the remaining questions. Let’s call it: strand A: CCTGTA
(a) What is the complementary DNA sequence of strand A (let’s call this complementary strand: strand B)?                                                                          
(b) What is the corresponding mRNA for strand B
(c) What is the corresponding tRNA sequence here?
(d) At the end of protein synthesis, what is sequence of Amino Acids you obtain from the DNA strand B?Q1) In video#1, what is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
Q2) You will use the following DNA sequence for the remaining questions. Let’s call it: strand A: CCTGTA
(a) What is the complementary DNA sequence of strand A (let’s call this complementary strand: strand B)?                                                                          
(b) What is the corresponding mRNA for strand B
(c) What is the corresponding tRNA sequence here?
(d) At the end of protein synthesis, what is sequence of Amino Acids you obtain from the DNA strand B?

Prompt: To what extent can an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term? an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term?  an adult brain reorganize its control of movements over the long term? 
Instructions: Use 3-5 pages, double-spaced. Make use of key evidence from all the articles attached and provide your own opinion in your paper. Present your reasoning in a logical and organized manner and try to write clearly. Support your argument by referring to specific experimental evidence from the articles. Describe the experimental findings in your own words; do not quote the authors. Do not use artificial intelligence software.
Purpose:
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the extent of how our brains are able to organize its control of movement over a period of time. FOcus on the studies shown in each paper. What did they do? How long did they train the particpants (monkeys, humans, etc.) for. If they had to redo some trials why? And what did that show reveal about their findings. The last paper “Ramachandran” provides intresting findings on phantom limbs anddiscuss what they hypothesised. Expalin how these findings were not confounded unlike the other papers, but still provide and interesting insight into the extent of how visual feedback can influence the patients sensation. For each articl focus on the guidnace questions listed on the first page. (see attachements)
Discuss the topics and mechanism addressed in each article, how they contradict and how they build on each other to show how population coding really works. 
“Neural plasticity” refers to the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury.
DO NOT:
DO NOT USE AI, I will not pay if AI is used as I will have to rewrite the paper myself anyways
DO NOT USE ALTERNATIVE SOURCES aside from the articles attachted.
INSTRUCTIONS:
Please Write the paper to discuss the attached articles in chronological order:
Held & Hein. (1958) 
Held (1965)
Nudo et al. (1996)
Moritz et al. (2008)
Serradj et al. (2023)
Ramachandran & Rogers-Ramachandran(1996)
The paper needs to address the over arching prompt thorughout the paper. Accuratly explain what each researcher did, they experiments they perfomed and the signficance of their findings. How did the progression throughout all 6 articles show our we have progressed in our understanding on neaural plasticity. Address how the papers build on each other to help us understand population coding, and how they differ from command neurons.
I attached a previous paper that was given a grad of A-. The structure of this old paper should serve as a model for the current paper on neual plasticity.