Category: Biology

Please answer all question
Important Info
The order was placed through a short procedure (customer skipped some order details).
Please clarify some paper details before starting to work on the order.
Type of paper and subject
Number of sources and formatting style
Type of service (writing, rewriting, etc)

After reading the material for this week, please respond to one of the bullet points below using information from the readings along with other references you have found:
Catabolic pathways break down substrates for use by the cell – pick one of the catabolic pathways and carry out some background research; what are the inputs and outputs of the pathway? Are the inputs coming from other pathways, or are they scavenged by the cell? Are the intermediates used in any other processes? How ubiquitous is this pathway?
Anabolic processes are endothermic – where does the energy and raw materials come from to synthesize the major constituents of a cell? Pick a specific anabolic pathway, carry out some background research and describe the necessary inputs, the major reaction steps and the resulting cellular products. How ubiquitous is this pathway? Are the intermediates used in any other processes?
How does a cell control its metabolic flux? Which control mechanism would be used in the production of ethanol by yeast? Why does a cell need to control its metabolism? What happens if you remove some of these control mechanisms?
After reviewing this week’s material, describe the genetic engineering process that would lead to the creation of GloFish http://www.glofish.com What would you change if you only wanted to brain or the heart to glow?  Include a reference which supports your change. 
Describe the process you would use to produce vegan cheese from bacteria, if you know the gene sequence for casein and you have a supply of wild-type E. coli  and/or yeast. What would be the differences between cheese production this way and real cheese production?
What are the advantages to using prokaryotic as host systems for genetic engineering? What are the limitations to genetic engineering in prokaryotes? Are these limitations addressable in single cell eukaryotic systems?  Give an example of bioproduction in each system.
link for class material; https://vimeo.com/12395598

We are on the home stretch, and it is more important than ever to stay committed and on-course! You can do this!
The brain stem is an interesting subject as we often take its ability for granted. Out of all the things that the body can do, the most important things are those that we are most unaware. Think about breathing. How often do you stop and focus on your breathing? If you are living in this current world of always being on the go, the chances are that you go day to day without ever truly realizing that you are breathing. It just happens.
What about heart rate control? Yes, some of it is determined via catecholamines (fancy chemicals) and the sinoatrial node (natural pacemaker of the heart), along with the help of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. But the brain stem is involved! What about the sleep/wake cycle, auditory and visual reflex response, body temperature control and overall consciousness? Yes, the brain stem is in play with all these functions. It is so vital that injury to this area has serious consequences and is often fatal!
Informally and based upon what you now understand about the brain and cranial nerves, think about the following questions posed. Discuss and, most importantly, debate the “why” of one question that interests you most. As this is a discussion, the goal is to debate freely with your peers and to have the opportunity to explore and analyze, not only your chosen question, but also the thoughts of your classmates. You might find that you end on a topic below that is far removed from your original choice. That is ok and encouraged!
Why do some individuals with cranial nerve disorders experience autonomic dysfunction?
Why is the brain’s reward system so important for motivation and addiction?
Why do certain brain disorders, such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s progress over time?
Why do some believe that certain types of music or meditation can alter brain function?
Why do some scientists believe that consciousness is an emergent property of the brain versus others who believe that it is a separate, non-physical entity?
Why do some researchers believe that neuromodulation can be used to treat cranial nerve disorders?
Why do some people struggle with impulse control?
Why is it important to assess cranial nerve function?
NOTE: Please use the information from the Syllabus page here for details on the textbooks.
Submission Details
Post your response to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned.
Respond to at least two posts on two different days by the end of the week.

You will pick a minimum of 3-4 muscles from each of the 6 groups of muscles found below. You will then find images of muscles online and create a presentation using a program like PowerPoint, Keynote, Google Slides, or Prezi

Give an in-depth explanation written in paragraph form for the following questions. Each answer should be at least 3-5 sentences in length and answer all parts of the question completely.

There are two questions worth 5 marks each.
Each question involves you writing a concise answer in response to the question (300 words max). 

● PowerPoint should have a minimum of 15 slides and maximum of 25 slides altogether. 
● Creativity, organization, and neatness will be appreciated. 
● The evaluation will be based on the attached rubric. 
● Provide a complete list of references in APA 7th edition format.
Rubric is attached as well. Kindly view instruction carefully.

A thought-provoking paper in the journal Science deemed humans as super-predators with the power to alter ecological and evolution process on a global scale (Darimont et al., 2015). What qualities would you think make humans a super-predator? From what you have learned in this unit, and your personal experience or research, refute or accept this claim. Please provide some specific examples.
Please read the attach article and give example. This does not need to be written as a essay just more as a journal entry.

Question 1: Fertilization and Nerve Conduction (25 points)
Describe fertilization and nerve conduction in terms of the properties of membranes and membrane polarization. Include in your
answer:
a. the development of the “resting potential” in the egg and the neuron and the events occurring during fertilization and an
“action potential”
b. the events that lead to slow and fast blocks to polyspermy
c. a description of the differences between the “wave of depolarization” that passes over the egg and the “action potential” that
propagates along a neuron
Question 2: Excretion and Osmoregulation (25 points)
Describe nitrogenous waste removal and salt and water balance (osmoregulation) of birds. Include in your answer:
a. a comparison of avian and mammalian kidneys with special reference to the structures and functions of nephrons
b. the blood circulatory pattern of the avian kidney and the function of the renal portal valves
c. the structure and function of salt glands and the advantage for birds of a non-pressure based compared to a pressure-based
osmoregulatory mechanism
Question 3: Animal Life Histories (25 points)
Compare and contrast the life histories (life cycles) of invertebrate animals from different phyla using specific animal examples.
Include in your answer:
a. a description of fertilization, cleavage, and embryonic development of eggs with different amounts of yolk
b. the many advantages of life histories that include a larval stage for marine animals and for insects
c. a description of the life history of parasitic trematode worms and the features that increase reproductive success even though
the life histories are complex and must pass through multiple hosts
d. the advantages of asexual reproduction and the advantages of sexual reproduction
Question 4: Tides and Seasons (25 points)
Compare and contrast seasons and tides in temperate and tropical areas with respect to the positions of Earth and Luna, Earth’s tilt
relative to its orbital plane, and insolation. Include in your answer:
a. a description for the reasons for seasons
b. how tides are produced and the reasons that tides are more extreme in temperate latitudes compared to tropical latitudes
c. how tides affect the vertical distribution (zonation) of marine animals
d. descriptions of specific adaptations of animals for survival in splash, high tide, middle tide and low tide zones.

As we stated in Week 8, the nervous system is the master integrating and coordinating system, continuously monitoring, and processing sensory information from both the external environment, as well as from within the body. So, what are the roles of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves within this incredible system?
The spinal cord itself, is a long, thin tubular structure that extends from the brainstem to the lower back and contains approximately 100 million neurons! It is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the brain and the rest of the body. Because of its critical importance to our function and survival, the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column. The 31 pairs of spinal nerves branch out from the spinal cord and carry messages to and from specific regions of the body. Damage to the spinal cord or spinal nerves can result in a range of symptoms, including paralysis, weakness, and loss of sensation.
You are likely beginning to take note that the neurological system is extremely complex and can be quite challenging to understand. You would not be wrong! Let’s look at an analogy to help us to understand. Think of the spinal cord as a major highway connecting the brain to the rest of the body. On that highway, one part of the road heads towards the brain (ascending tract), while the other part heads away from the brain (descending tract). As impulses travel the spinal cord highway, think of these impulses as cars carrying messages from one location to the next. On this route, there are many entry and exit ramps (the spinal nerves); allowing the cars to enter and exit at different locations so that messages can be delivered and received by their desired and intended location. Neurology is a difficult subject, but with practice and time, the message will be received!
Informally and based upon what you now understand about the spinal cord and nerves, think about the following questions posed. Discuss and, most importantly, debate the “why” of one question that interests you most. As this is a discussion, the goal is to debate freely with your peers and to have the opportunity to explore and analyze, not only your chosen question, but also the thoughts of your classmates. You might find that you end on a topic below that is far removed from your original choice. That is ok and encouraged!
Why does damage to the spinal cord often result in paralysis?
Why do some spinal nerves have more sensory or motor function than others?
Why do some people experience chronic itching or tingling after a spinal nerve injury?
Why do some spinal nerves play a more important role than others in autonomic function?
Why do some researchers believe that the spinal cord can regenerate and repair?
Why do some scientists support spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain while others argue that it can cause adverse effects?
Why does damage to the spinal cord lead to loss of sensation and movement below the level of injury?
Why is the brain and spinal cord so important in autonomic function?
NOTE: Please use the information from the Syllabus page here for details on the textbooks.
Submission Details
Post your response to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned.
Respond to at least two posts on two different days by the end of the week.