Category: Criminal justice

The requirements for the essay:
You need to do both questions.
Read questions carefully to identify all evidence law issues.
Point out the applicable law with respect to each identified issue.
Analyze the issue based on the facts of the question by applying relevant laws.
Do not copy the questions. You need to organize your writing in the form of an essay.
There is no requirement as to how long the essay has to be. The requirement is that you need to sufficiently discuss the issues and well organize your essay.
Grading criteria
Whether you have identified all the issues;
Whether you have applied the correct law or evidence rules;
Whether you have properly analyzed the issues based on the facts and applicable laws; whether your essay is well written and organized.
Question 1
Gary is on trial for murder for killing Jay. The prosecution’s theory is that Gary killed Jay to free himself from a loan he took out from Jay. It is alleged that on the day of the murder Gary asked Jay to come to Golden Pheasant Restaurant to discuss a business collaboration. From there, Gary drove Jay to a wooded area and murdered him.
Gary denies the charge. He asserts that he did not see Jay on the day of the murder. He offers Nancy to testify as his alibi witness. Nancy is to testify that on the day of the murder Gary was with her for a whole day in a camp site four hundred miles away from the scene of the crime. The prosecution learns that Nancy is in a romantic relationship with Gary.
The prosecution intends to call Jay’s colleague, Marty, to testify. Marty is to testify that on the day of the murder at 7:00 p.m. he ran into Jay in front of the office building. Jay said to him: “I’m going to Golden Pheasant Restaurant to have dinner with Gary.” Marty then saw Jay flag down a taxi to go to the restaurant. The defense objects to the testimony, claiming it is hearsay.
The prosecution intends to call Gary’s secretary, Tiffany, to testify. Tiffany is to testify that on the day of the murder she saw Gary on the phone. After the phone conversation, Gary said to her: “I’ve just talked to Jay. He said he will come to have dinner with me at Golden Pheasant Restaurant tonight.” The defense objects to the testimony, claiming it is hearsay.  
Gary denies that he owed Jay any money, claiming that he had paid the loan back to Jay. He offers his office manager, Advik, to testify. Advik is to testify that Gary had paid back the loan.
Before testifying Advik informs the court that he cannot take the oath over the Bible for he believes in a different religion. Instead, he is willing to say: “I swear by my own gods that I will tell the truth.” The prosecution challenges that, claiming that Advik is incompetent to testify because of his refusal to take the traditional oath.
With regard to his testimony that Gary paid back the loan, Advik is to testify that he saw Gary write a check at his desk and Gary then told him that the check was made payable to Jay to pay back the loan. The prosecution objects to Advik’s testimony, claiming he is incompetent to testify.
Question 2
Sam is charged with robbery for robbing a jewelry store. The robbery took place at 1:00 p.m. on a Saturday. Sam and Danny committed the crime together. Sam went into the store with a gun. He pointed the gun at the clerk and said: “Put the diamonds in the bag or I’ll shoot you.” The clerk put the diamonds in the bag.  
Danny, who had a long beard, was waiting in a getaway car. When Sam got into the car after the robbery, Danny sped away. He was nervous and crashed the car into a utility pole. The crash did not disable the car. As Danny’s car was speeding away, the store owner ran out of the store, yelling: “Robbery! Don’t take my jewelry!”  Fred, standing at the street corner, saw that.   
Henry was also on the street and he saw Danny crash the car into the pole. At the moment, he was on the phone with his friend Leon. Over the phone Henry said calmly to Leon: “Look at that guy with a long beard. He crashed his car into a pole.”
Three months later, Sam and Danny were arrested. Danny confessed to the crime. He told the police it was Sam’s idea to rob the store. Danny reached a plea deal with the prosecution and agreed to testify against Sam. Three days before trial, Danny changed his mind. He refused to testify because Sam had threatened to harm his family if he would testify. The prosecution offers the police officer who interrogated Danny to testify as to Danny’s statement about Sam’s role in the crime. The defense objects, claiming that the officer’s testimony would violate the confrontation clause and the testimony is hearsay.
The prosecution intends to call the store clerk to testify about Sam’s statement in the store. The defense objects, claiming the testimony is hearsay.
The prosecution intends to call Fred to testify about the store owner’s conduct of chasing the getaway car while yelling. The defense objects, claiming the testimony is hearsay.
The prosecution intends to call Leon to testify about what Henry said to him over the phone. The defense objects, claiming the testimony is hearsay.
The prosecution intends to call Alice, Sam’s ex-girlfriend, to testify. Alice is to testify that about a week after the robbery, she saw Sam. Sam said to her: “You broke up with me. Now I’m rich. I have a lot of diamonds.” The defense objects, claiming the testimony is hearsay.

Answer the questions below after reading the article that corresponds to your question.  See the Course Requirements/Discussion section of the syllabus, as well as the Discussion Rubric for content and format requirements.  You will not receive full credit if all the requirements listed are not met.
Article 1.- State of the Union 2022: How Americans View Major Social National Issues.
State of the Union 2022: How Americans view major national issues | Pew Research Center
Question 1.- Which two of the social problems discussed in the State of the Union do you see as being pressing social issues that should be dealt with and why? See the Discussion Posts section of the syllabus for content and format requirements.
Rubric
Students must complete nine (9) discussion posts. For each post, you are provided with an article to read, and a question about the article that you have read. Your answer/post must:
1-include at least one theory (functionalism, conflict, interactionism, or a theory discussed in the corresponding chapter), to support your argument.
2-include information from the corresponding chapter. 
3-have a minimum of two full paragraphs (6 to 8 lines per paragraph). 
4-include a respond to one of your classmates. The peer response should be a minimum of one paragraph (4 to 6 lines). A response of “I completely agree with you” will not suffice because it needs further explanation. Be sure to include in your response at least two of the following components:
offering advice; 
posing a question; 
providing an alternative point of view; 
acknowledging similar experiences. 
You will receive full credit only if all the requirements are met. See the Discussion Rubric for the grading criteria. 
Note: Complete the discussion posts by their due dates. There is No make up for missed discussions.

Instructions
The final draft will possess six structural elements: title page (one page), abstract (one page), introduction (one or more pages), discussion (eight or more pages, a literature review with a minimum length of six pages and a comparison with a minimum length of one page), conclusion (one or more pages), and references (one or more pages).  Since the abstract is a compressed discussion of the introduction and conclusion (no more than 250 words), it does not count against the ten pages of length (Times New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced) of the final paper.  The rubrics presented in Table 1 and Table 2 (see below) will form the evaluation of the final paper.
With the discussion section of their final draft, students will provide a literature review and a comparison exploring their research question.  The literature review section is similar to the preliminary literature review assignment, but it should contain all ten of the references. The comparison section is similar to the preliminary comparison assignment, but it should be more sophisticated.
Concerning the references, the instructor will require students to find a minimum of ten peer-reviewed articles (not editor’s notes or commentaries) from academic journals for their sources.  Sources should come from either the Academic Search Complete or JSTOR database, both of which are available through Drake Memorial Library.  Students should make sure to cite each source a minimum of one time in their discussion and should avoid quoting from any source (use paraphrasing instead).
Students shall use 7th edition APA citation and reference style for the final paper.  Students shall not quote any content within their essays and will lose points for every quote (the instructor will deduct more points for longer quotes).  Any attempts by students to quote a source without proper citation, to avoid the loss of points, will result in automatic failure of the assignment and the instructor will report the attempted plagiarism by the student to the department chair for appropriate disciplinary action.
Each section of the completed paper will have its own requirements and penalties:
Universal Penalties:
-5% per quoted sentence (-10% if the quoted sentence is not cited correctly)
-5% per section that is cut-and-pasted rather than revised (-10% if the instructor’s recommended corrections were not followed).
Title Page: The title page must include the student’s name, the title of the paper, the date of submission, and the class name.
-1% for each of the above that is missing.
Abstract: The abstract must include a research topic and must be a minimum of 120 words long.
-2% for an unclear research topic (-4% for a missing research topic)
-2% per 12 words under the minimum length
Introduction: The introduction must be a minimum of one full page long, must include the research question, and must include citations from every source.
-1% per article title repeated (please mention the authors or cite the articles instead)
-2% if the introduction is three-quarters of a page long, -6% if it is a half-page long, and -10% if it is a quarter page long.
-2% for a research question unmarked by a ‘?’ (-4% for no discernible research question.
-1% per incorrect citation (-2% per missing citation)
Literature Review: The literature review must be a minimum of six pages long, must include citations from every source, and must focus on the concepts and themes in the cited articles rather than the cited articles.
-1% per article title repeated (please mention the authors or cite the articles instead)
-1% per incorrect citation (-2% per missing citation)
-1% per page that focuses on the cited articles rather than the concepts and themes of the cited articles.
-1% per page that lacks an integrated comparison of the component articles.
-2% per missing half-page of length.
Comparison: The comparison must be a minimum of one full page long and must answer the five questions about the comparison of the criminal justice system of two or more nations.
-2% if the comparison is three-quarters of a page long, -6% if it is a half-page long, and -10% if it is a quarter page long.
-2% for each of the following five questions that are not answered within the comparison:
What nations are you comparing?
The nations may not include the USA and must come from different continents.
What aspect of the criminal justice system are you comparing?
The aspect must be narrower than the fields of adjudication, corrections, and policing.
What are the primary differences between the aspects of the criminal justice systems that you are comparing?
What are the strengths and/or weaknesses of the aspects within the criminal justice systems that you are comparing?
Which nation performs better when it comes to the aspect and why do you think that?
Conclusion: The conclusion must be a minimum of one full page long, must include the research question, and must include citations from every source.
-1% per article title repeated (please mention the authors or cite the articles instead)
-2% if the conclusion is three-quarters of a page long, -6% if it is a half-page long, and -10% if it is a quarter page long.
-2% for a research question unmarked by a ‘?’ (-4% for no discernible research question.
-1% per incorrect citation (-2% per missing citation)
References: The references must have a minimum of ten peer reviewed sources in APA reference style:
-1% per non-peer reviewed source attempting to substitute for a peer reviewed source (-2% per missing source)
-1% per source with more than one APA style mistake

Must be format:
B. Introduction:
C. Problem for Research:
D. Research Question: 
E. Evaluation of your Research Question: 
F: Hypotheses:
G: Literature review (15 scholarly articles):
H. Standards for the protection of human subjects
Down below is instructions
Textbook: Bachman, R., Schutt, R., & Plass, P. (2016). Fundamentals of Research in Criminology and
Criminal Justice. Sage. ISBN: eBook 9781506326702/ Paperback 9781506323671

statistics on populations of juvenile delinquents using the OJJDP’s Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics (EZAJCS) data tool for national data on juvenile delinquency demographics, offenses, and case processing trends. Choose 1 of the following options to investigate: 
How 1 year’s delinquency case totals compare to another year’s totals based on the age at referral, manner of handling, and disposition
How 1 year’s case processing totals compare to another year for 2 types of offenses and how they vary for different demographic groups and genders
Create a visual representation of the data that shows a comparison of both groups, such as a chart, graphic image, diagram, or infographic. Do not use a table. Instead, select a visually appealing layout that your community would find easy to read and understand.
Create an image for your data visualization using an illustration tool in Microsoft® Word or PowerPoint®, or use an online drawing tool such as Piktochart® or Smore.
Part 2: Executive Summary
Write an executive summary of your findings in 250 to 525 words. Complete the following in your summary:
Explain the data shown in your image. Summarize what the difference in the numbers means for juvenile sentencing in courts.
Categorize the types of offenses that come under acts of delinquency and status offenses in juvenile courts.
Describe in detail the court process applicable for either type of offense and the court personnel associated with each process?

There are five questions which have been taken from various chapters of the textbook. Each part of each question should be at least one page in length and in size 12 font Times New Roman, double-spaced. Please complete in Microsoft Word format. All papers must be formatted in the APA citation 
1. Will abolishing or limiting the insanity defense have an impact on serious crime? Critically evaluate this question with reference to empirical studies and scholarly literature.
2. Provide a broad discussion on laws meant to control gun-related crime and the issues of various state laws. Use empirical studies and scholarly literature.
3. Differentiate between crime control policies presented in previous chapters and those that seek to gain compliance with the law.
4. The most inflammatory controversies involve police use of deadly force and excessive physical force. The cases of Michael Brown and Eric Garner are examples. Police departments have utilized various strategies to reduce racial discrimination. Some police departments across the country are introducing police body cameras – discuss this policy initiative relating to the advantages and disadvantages.
5. Describe and evaluate the policy recommendations provided by Joan Petersilia’s research on prisoner reentry.
Please if you can use the textbook Walker , S(2016). Sense and Nonsense about Crime , Drugs, and communties : A policy guide. Cengage. Binding:Paperback
Edition :008
Publisher : Cengage
ISBN: 9781285459028

Assignment Content
Assume you are a workplace violence consultant, hired by a large consumer products firm. Your client has submitted the following questions and would like you to respond to each. They are most interested in learning your opinion based on current research in the field.
Respond to each question in 175 to 250 words based on your readings and research: 
What responsibilities do employers and employees have to prevent workplace violence?
What are some potential indicators of workplace violence?
What policies can be put in place to prevent workplace violence?
What are some consequences of organizations that fail to properly address or manage identified risks?
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.
Complete in APA Format – Review APA Sample Paper for proper format. All papers must have a title page, a reference page, and the entire paper must be double-spaced. The paper must also have properly formatted in text citations.

Research Paper Assignment: You must submit an 8–10-full page (top to bottom) research paper, excluding the title page, abstract page, and reference page. Your paper MUST be in APA Format (7th Edition). See attached Sample APA 7th Edition paper. 

Choose a topic of interest to you that relates specifically to this course. I recommend selecting a topic that you have limited knowledge about but are nonetheless interested in learning more about that topic. Your topic must be approved in advance with a brief explanation as to why you chose the topic, along with your plan of what you intend to learn from your research, by the end of week 2. Submitting a paper on a topic that was not approved in week 2 by your instructor may result in a failing grade.
Research Paper Assignment: You must submit an 8–10-full page (top to bottom) research paper, excluding the title page, abstract page, and reference page. Your paper MUST be in APA Format (7th Edition). See attached Sample APA 7th Edition paper. 

Choose a topic of interest to you that relates specifically to this course. I recommend selecting a topic that you have limited knowledge about but are nonetheless interested in learning more about that topic. Your topic must be approved in advance with a brief explanation as to why you chose the topic, along with your plan of what you intend to learn from your research, by the end of week 2. Submitting a paper on a topic that was not approved in week 2 by your instructor may result in a failing grade.

It is recommended that you use the APUS library’s database to find at least five, peer-reviewed articles published within the past 5-10 years that support your chosen topic. All assignments must be in Microsoft Word format, double-spaced, using a Times New Roman 12-point font. Your paper will automatically be evaluated by Turnitin, which will assess your paper for originality and detect plagiarism. To minimize high originality scores, you are to paraphrase and cite as opposed to using direct quotes. High originality scores are typically indicative of plagiarism. If you must quote, do so sparingly and limit the quote to a few words. If you quote, you must include the page/paragraph number of where the quote originated.  You must submit an original paper. Recycled work from this class or any other class in whole or in part is prohibited and may be grounds for disciplinary action. If in doubt, contact your instructor. Plagiarism and the use of AI is a serious offense that may result in a failing grade.

Again, I cannot emphasize enough the importance of properly citing and referencing in APA format – 7th Edition. All research must have been published within the past 5-10 years. You MUST avoid any form of plagiarism at all costs, which includes the use of “recycled” work from this or another course. All
My Topic is as follows:
I decided to delve into the effects of law enforcement, on communities because of its role in shaping dynamics and well being. Police departments are essential for maintaining safety preventing crime ensuring justice and building trust within neighborhoods. However the interactions between law enforcement and community members can have ranging effects, on how fairness, social unity and individual rights are perceived. By exploring this subject I hope to grasp how law enforcement procedures and policies influence both individuals lives and communities as a whole. Additionally I aim to identify ways to improve outcomes while reducing adverse impacts.
Law enforcement plays a role, in shaping the dynamics and well being of neighborhoods. Its influence on communities is diverse covering areas such as preventing crime ensuring safety and fostering trust and unity among residents.
A key aspect of how law enforcement affects neighborhoods is its contribution to preventing crime and upholding safety. Research indicates that the presence of law enforcement personnel can deter activities (Lum & Koper 2018). Activities like patrols, investigations and proactive policing techniques help lower crime rates. Provide a sense of security to locals. For instance a study by Braga and Weisburd (2010) demonstrated that targeted police actions in high crime zones led to decreases in activities.
Furthermore law enforcement agencies often participate in community policing programs that aim to build partnerships between officers and residents to collectively address crime concerns. Community focused policing strategies emphasize establishing trust and communication between law enforcement officials and community members leading to collaboration in preventing crimes (Weisburd et al., 2017). This cooperative approach not enhances the efficiency of law enforcement. Also reinforces social connections within neighborhoods.
However the impact of law enforcement, on communities extends beyond preventing crimes. 
The promotion of justice and equity is crucial. Law enforcement agencies have a responsibility to uphold the rule of law and safeguard the rights of all individuals irrespective of their race, ethnicity or economic status. Studies have emphasized the significance of unbiased policing practices, in fostering trust and credibility within communities (Tyler, 2019). When officers treat community members with respect and dignity it improves perceptions of fairness and fosters relationships between the police and the community.
However not all impacts of law enforcement on communities are positive. Cases of police misconduct use of force and racial profiling can diminish trust. Weaken relations between the community and law enforcement. Research indicates that incidents of police violence disproportionately affect marginalized communities leading to feelings of mistrust and animosity towards law enforcement (Legewie & Fagan 2019). These tensions can impede collaboration between police officers and community members making it difficult to tackle crime effectively while ensuring safety.
Moreover the militarization of law enforcement—marked by using military grade equipment and tactics—can escalate tensions. Contribute to a perception that law enforcement functions as an occupying force, than a protective one (Kraska & Cubellis 2018).
Employing strategies, in reaction to demonstrations or societal unrest could further strain the relationship between law enforcement and the community eroding public confidence in police departments.
To summarize the impact of law enforcement, on communities is significant affecting crime levels, public safety, social unity and trust. While effective policing methods can improve community welfare and foster positive police community ties incidents of misconduct and excessive force can diminish trust and credibility. Looking ahead it is crucial for law enforcement agencies to prioritize equity, responsibility and community involvement to ensure their actions positively contribute to the well being and resilience of the communities they serve.

Nola M. Joyce, former deputy commissioner for the Philadelphia Police Department, once wrote the following in a blog post for the National Police Foundation:
Today police departments are using surveillance cameras, gunshot detection systems, automated license plate readers, facial recognition software, body cameras, drones, and numerous databases to prevent, respond and investigate crimes…. The question is not whether this technology exists, but rather, should police use it when it becomes available to them? And, if so, how should it be used?
For your initial post, you will take a position on this issue. Do you agree or disagree that the increased use of technology may pose a threat to the public?
First, title your post either “Police Use of Technology Makes Me Feel Safer” or “Police Use of Technology Threatens My Constitutional Rights.”
Then, using the information gained in this module and the resources noted above, make your case. What are the pros and cons of police technology use? Be sure to build your case with factual resources.

Prepare policy and/or programming recommendations to address issues confronting community-based corrections practitioners.
For this assignment imagine that you are working for an organization that supports research in corrections and are tasked with compiling a report of evidence-based policy recommendations for community-based corrections practitioners. The Crime Solutions website should be used to identify evidenced-based programs and initiatives for the report.
In this Assignment, you will write a 4–6-page paper identifying a minimum of three issues confronting the community-based corrections practitioners and then provide policy recommendations to address these issues. 
Your paper should:
Identify at least three clearly defined issues in community-based corrections.
Discuss the problems presented by each of these issues.
Prepare at least two policy and/or programming recommendations for each issue that practitioners can utilize to improve performance and services.
Discuss why you believe the policy recommendations you presented are the most efficient and provide evidence to support your professional opinion
Utilize at least two additional sources other than your textbook to support your position. These can be scholarly articles located throughout the Crime Solutions website.
Your paper format should be as follows:
Cover sheet
Body of the paper (4–6 pages)
References page
Utilize at least two references outside of the course textbook to support your stance on the issues
Do not use Wikipedia.com as a reference
The entire work should be in APA format including in-text references and reference page
All text and reference pages should be double-spaced and in 12-point font 
You may consult the Library, the internet, the textbook, other course material, and any other outside resources in supporting your task, using proper citations in APA style.