Category: Economics

Prior to working on this discussion, read chapters 12 and 13 in the course text and the article Monetary Policy: Stabilizing Prices and OutputLinks to an external site.. By law the Federal Reserve is required to monitor unemployment and Respond to the following components:
How does the Federal Reserve accomplish these goals?
What are the pros and cons of using contractionary and expansionary monetary policy tools under the following scenarios: recession or depression and robust economic growth?
What tool is the most appropriate among the different monetary policy tools available today?
https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/Monetary-Policy

The final paper for this course will bring together all of the concepts covered in the previous weeks. (Notes on concepts attached) You should review these concepts and apply them to the following topic.
Just as with any other cost involved in running a business, health care also presents a complex set of expenditures.
The Affordable Health Care Act (ACA) was enacted in March, 2010 (Healthcare.gov, n.d.) to increase the availability of health care to Americans. Several changes have been made to the law in recent years, and as recently as 2021, adjustments were made to the provisions of the ACA (Andrews, 2021). In this capstone paper, you will analyze the impact of the new law on expenditures for hospitals in terms of the effects on revenue and costs.
References
Andrews, M. (2021, March 23). Covid rescue package offers help for health insurance: Here’s how to get the most benefit. NBCnews.com. https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/covid-rescue-package-offers-help-health-insurance-here-s-how-n1261776
Healthcare.gov. (n.d). Affordable Care Act (ACA). https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/affordable-care-act/
Activity Instructions
You should think about your audience for the paper as a hospital that would like to know what the effects on their revenues and costs will be given the new law.
Using the concepts you have learned in this class, up to and including this week, you will:
First, analyze the law and potential changes on health care expenditures as a whole in the United States from the time before the Affordable Health Care Act was passed to the present time. 
Then, compare the changes in expenditures on health care if a single-payer plan was adopted.
You may consider including supply and demand in the health care market (both on the output market and on the input markets), elasticity, Economies of Scale and Scope, incentives facing the market participants, the role that preventative medicine may have, moral hazard and adverse selection issues, availability of insurance, as well as any other concepts from the course that you find relevant.
At the end of your submission, include a brief Design Statement explaining the process and tools you used to develop your work. Your statement should be about a paragraph or so, in your own words (rather than formally written), and unique to this assignment.
Why are we asking for this? Find out more about Design Statements.
Writing and Submission Requirements
6-8 pages not including title page or references page
References page (minimum of 5 resources)
APA format
Note several items from the prompt: first, this is asking about health care expenditures, NOT about expenditures on insurance (although insurance may be something that affects healthcare expenditures). Second, this is not asking what your opinions of the law are, rather on the effects. Regardless of whether you’re entirely in favor or entirely against the ACA, if you were affected by the law (say you were in the HR department of a business or in the medical industry) you would have to follow the law regardless of your opinions.

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review Chapters 1 – 12 of your textbook, Principles of Microeconomics. Pick any ONE business/company of your choice. The company you choose can be a small local restaurant or a large multinational company. Based on your selection, answer the following questions:
In your paper,
Describe the basics of the business you chose- including the size of the business, types of goods/services the business sells, and possible barriers to entry/exit.
Distinguish among four market structures: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly in this order.
Discuss what kind of market structure your company falls under. Why?
Analyze whether the demand of the goods/services sold by the business are elastic or inelastic. Why?
Discuss if there are any externalities involved. If so, explain how the externalities can be fixed.
Discuss any roles that larger companies can play in promoting inclusion, equality and reducing poverty.
The Fundamentals of Microeconomics final paper
must be eight to ten double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages and formatted according to APA StyleLinks to an external site. as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA Formatting for MicrosoftLinks to an external site. Word resource.
must include a separate title page with the following in title case:
title of paper in bold font
Space should appear between the title and the rest of the information on the title page.
student’s name
name of institution (The University of Arizona Global Campus)
course name and number
instructor’s name
due date
must utilize academic voice. See the Academic VoiceLinks to an external site. resource for additional guidance.
must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph.
Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.
For assistance on writing Introductions & ConclusionsLinks to an external site. and Writing a Thesis StatementLinks to an external site., refer to the Writing Center resources.
must use at least five credible sources in addition to the course text.
The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible SourcesLinks to an external site. table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source.
To assist you in completing the research required for this assignment, view Quick and Easy Library ResearchLinks to an external site. tutorial, which introduces the University of Arizona Global Campus Library and the research process, and provides some library search tips.
must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s APA: Citing Within Your PaperLinks to an external site. guide.
must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center.
See the APA: Formatting Your References ListLinks to an external site. resource in the Writing Center for specifications.

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Instructions
During the COVID 19 pandemic that began to adversely impact the U.S. economy in early 2020, the Federal Reserve took a number of actions to attempt to ameliorate the impact of the covid virus on the economy.
Complete an essay in which you:
Identify and describe the specific actions that the Federal Reserve took to ameliorate the negative impact that the covid virus had on the economy.
Using the concepts of monetary policy that were covered in the course, explain how the actions of the Federal Reserve affected aggregate demand.
Explain how the actions that were taken by the Federal Reserve might result in inflation or stagflation.
Complete this essay as a Microsoft Word document. Make sure to format your paper using the APA style.  The paper must be at least 700 words in length and will automatically be submitted to “TurnItIn” for a plagiarism review.  

Economics commentary:
– 2 articles (my two sources, I have chosen them already) need to be analysed from an economic point of view and written about. 
-missing proper citation for my sources, date they were published, etc (as shown in example paper) 
-there is a specific structure to follow which is attached and shown in the example paper. 
-2 commentaries for both articles, each are minimum 800 words. 
-I also need 4 graphs, 2 for each showing the key concept explained in my commentary I can make those but it must be clear on what I should make them on. Such as recessionary gap, inflationary gap, inflation etc
– attached is my articles with the highlighted parts ( the economic concepts needing to be discussed in commentary) as well as an example we were given in class to make things as clear as possible
– this must be high school level
-it is due the 26th but I need to see drafts as my grade is low and I need to raise my grade to a B 

I need a 3-page paper. I have attached the Rubric and Instructions assignment for reference. This is for my undergrad class(College Level)

Modelling and predicting energy time series using econometric models and machine learning
techniques
Since the covid – 19 era and the war in Ukraine, the energy sector has attracted the interest of many researchers and
practitioners. The aim of this thesis is to develop statistical/ econometric models and machine learning techniques to
predict the price of energy time series or their percentage changes.
References
Weron, R. (2014) Electricity price forecasting: A review of the state-of-the-art with a look into the future,
International Journal of Forecasting, 30, 1030-1081.
Ghoddusi, H., Creamer, G., and Rafizadeh, N. (2019), Machine learning in energy economics and finance: A review,
Energy Economics, 81, 709–727

MACRO-Economics: This has two parts
PART ONE: Below are two graphs showing unemployment and GDP growth data. The gray areas show time periods when the United States experienced recessions. Look at the graphs above and answer the following questions using complete sentences. Make sure to number your responses. Unemployment Data Graph & FRED GDP Growth Graph1 attached as screenshot.
What happens to the unemployment rate when there is a recessionary period? (2 points)
What happens to GDP in recessionary periods? (2 points)
Approximately how much did the unemployment rate change during the Great Recession (2008-2009)? (2 points)
Approximately how much did GDP growth dip during the Great Recession (2008 – 2009)? (2 points)
In September 2008 the CPI was approximately 219 and in March 2009 the CPI was approximately 212. Does this indicate that the great recession was a result of decreasing Aggregate Demand or decreasing Short-Run Aggregate Supply? (2 points) Hint: Draw yourself an AD/AS graph and then see which line shifting to the left causes the price level to decrease. PART Two: GO TO -˃ https://www.crfb.org/debtfixer and play it. Take a screenshot of your final results. You should find them on the right hand side of the final page. Now you are ready to complete the assignment:
1. Post the screenshot of your results? (2 points)
2. What was your goal for the simulation? (2 points)
3. What were the guiding principles you used when making your choices? (2 points)
4. What is an example of something you value that you had to give up in order to make progress toward managing the debt? (2 points)
5. How did completing this simulation change the way you think about the things government should provide given the constraints of tax revenues? (2 points)
PART THREE: Below you will find a list of individuals. Your task is to sort individuals into three categories: employed (E), unemployed (U), and not in the labor force (N). You will do this by reading desсrіptions of the individuals and assigning them the definitions of unemployed, employed, or not in the labor force. In some cases, you may not be sure, but make your best guess based on the available information.
As a reminder, here are the definitions:
Employed: The individual has a full-time or part-time paid job; this can include self-employment. Individuals who are employed are considered to be in the labor force.
Unemployed: The individual does not have a job but has looked for a job sometime in the past 4 weeks. Individuals who are unemployed are considered to be in the labor force because they have been recently looking for work.
Not in the Labor Force: Neither employed nor unemployed. The individual does not have a job and has not
looked for work in the past four weeks.
Chen: Works for the county government, managing finances. Susanna: Takes college classes full-time and waits tables part-time at a restaurant in the evenings.
Edward: Retired and does volunteer work on Sundays. Muhammad: Was laid off in the last recession and gave up looking for work; has not looked for 2 months.
Rosa: Recently left a job because of a move and is applying for a similar job in her new city. Alex: Has a disability that impacts his ability to work. He is not currently employed or looking for a job. Samra: Teaches high school chemistry. Javier: Quit a job he hated and posted his resume on a job search Web site 2 weeks ago. Yuki: Lost a job in manufacturing and is in school, retraining for a different career. Casey: Recently graduated and attends job fairs. Kazim: Has a part-time job as a personal trainer but would like to work more hours. Eun-Mi: Has several part-time jobs: hand model, web site designer, and consultant. Taylor: Stays at home full time to take care of children. Mandeep: Runs his own business, catering corporate events. Gustavo: Quit his stockbroker job and is traveling the world for a year to “find himself.” Alice: Would like a job but gave up looking because of a bad job market. The last job application she submitted was 3 weeks ago.
Wei: Retired air force veteran; likes knitting. Stephen: Was laid off and does not expect to be called back to work. He has looked for other jobs to be safe.
Min-Su: Human resources manager at a law firm. Amita: Works as a police officer in Los Angeles County. Use this data to calculate the unemployment rate, employment-to-population ratio, and labor force participation rate. Unemployment rate ＝ # unemployed / labor force × 100
Employment-to-population ratio ＝ # employed / total population × 100
Labor force participation rate ＝ labor force / total population × 100
Submit IN THIS FORMAT. (Copy and Paste and then fill in): Total Employed: ______
Total Unemployed: ______
Total Not in Labor Force: ______
Unemployment Rate: ______
Employment to Population Rate: _____
Labor Force Participation Rate: ______
I would be classified as ___________________ because I ________________________________. Grading Guidelines: You will receive 1 point each for the first 3 blanks. You will receive 2 points each for the three employment statistic calculations. These must be correct based on your prior numbers to receive credit. You will receive 1 point for your personal statement of your employment status and explanation. Part FOUR: Use this calculator -˃ https://www.nerdwallet.com/investing/roth-ira-calculator to calculate how much money you would have if you invest $6500 each year in a Roth IRA versus an account with no tax advantages. Use the following parameters:
Age: 22
Income: $45,000
Starting Balance: $0 Marital Status: Single
This calculator assumes a 6% rate of return. Keep in mind the reason you are seeing such different dollar amounts is that with a RothIRA you don′t have to pay tax on the money babies that your investment creates over the years and with a taxable investment, you do. When you are done, take a screenshot or upload your results as this is needed for completion

Stage
1: Project: Analysis Report (20%)
Choose a recent
project undertaken in the Pacific Island country of Samoa, either finished or
currently underway. Briefly describe the project (chosen project should address
a problem or failure that is specific to developing countries). Describe the
market failure or specific problem being addressed by the project.  Using
economic theory, describe why the failure occurs, and how the project is
designed to remedy it.  Using empirical evidence (either macro-level or
experimental, or a combination), describe what the expected outcome is for a
project currently underway, and what the outcome might have been for a
completed project. Does the project address any of the sustainable development
goals? Discuss.
To complete this task
successfully, you will have to demonstrate your competence in wide range of
skills including teamwork, finding and evaluating sources, designing and
conducting research project, analyzing and discussing research finding,
critical thinking, making recommendations, using academic language and using citation
and reference.
Stage 2: Presentation (5%) 
As experts on your
country/topic, you are expected prepare and give an oral power point
presentation of your final research paper in class, no more than ten-15 minutes
long. The presentation has to be comprehensive: you are expected to present
your thesis, your findings, predictions, what you learned from the project etc.
The presentation is worth 5% of your final grade.

Data Analytics Final Project Rubric
Project Goal:  Students will utilize data analysis skills to investigate a chosen topic, draw conclusions, and suggest future research directions.
Deliverables:
Submit a Written Paper that includes the following sections:
Define the Topic and Questions you’re trying to answer
Mention your initial assumptions and why this is interesting
Define your “Target Outputs” – what will answer these questions
Describe the data you used for Analysis
Where did you get the data?
What did you need to do with the data or what data did you ignore?
Conclusions: 
What did you learn?  
What are the results of your research?
Include your thoughts on What’s Next
What could/should be done next to make the analysis better 
What might be the next set of questions that should be answered
In addition to the paper described above, share the datasets used for Analysis
Where did you get the data?
A Data dictionary for the data you used
What cleaning/transformation/new columns did you need?
In short, submit a written paper that includes all the sections above as well as your  analysis (chart(s),  graph(s), table(s)) and the answers you found.
The language and details should allow any non-expert to easily gain an understanding of the topic.
Cite all sources used.
You can submit the datasets and data dictionary separately.
Criteria
Excellent
Good
Fair
Needs Improvement 
Topic Selection & Research Questions (10%)
– Clearly defined and relevant to data analytics. – Research questions are well-formed, specific, and answerable with data.
– Topic is somewhat relevant. – Research questions are somewhat formed but might lack focus.
– Topic is not well-defined or relevant. – Research questions are unclear or not answerable with data.
– Topic or research questions are missing.
Data Source Selection (20%)
– Uses multiple, credible data sources (e.g., government databases, reputable research institutions). – Sources are properly cited with justification for their selection.
– Uses one or two credible data sources. – Citation is present, but justification might be weak.
– Uses questionable data sources (e.g., personal blogs, social media). – Citation is missing or incomplete.
– Data sources are not included or not relevant.
Data Analysis & Visualization, including a Data Dictionary (30%)
– Data is cleaned and prepared appropriately. – Clear and insightful charts and graphs are created to support findings. – Charts and graphs are well-labeled and easy to interpret.
– Some data cleaning is done. – Charts and graphs are mostly relevant but may lack clarity or need improvement. – Some labeling issues might exist.
– Minimal or no data cleaning is evident. – Charts and graphs are poorly chosen or ineffective. – Significant labeling issues hinder interpretation.
– Data is not analyzed or visualizations are missing.
Answering Research Questions & Conclusions (20%)
– Paper clearly addresses all research questions in a well-organized manner. – Findings are supported by data analysis and presented with clear evidence. – Well-reasoned conclusions are drawn based on the analysis.
– Paper addresses most research questions, but some organization or clarity issues may exist. – Findings are mostly supported by data, but some gaps in evidence might be present. – Conclusions are presented, but reasoning might be weak.
– Paper only partially addresses research questions or lacks organization. – Findings are not fully supported by data, or evidence is weak. – Conclusions are missing or poorly supported.
– Research questions are not addressed, or Paper lacks conclusions.
Next Steps & Further Research (10%)
– Identifies clear and relevant next steps for furthering research or answering additional questions. – Discusses potential limitations of the current analysis and suggests improvements for future studies.
– Briefly mentions potential for further research but lacks specificity. – Limited discussion on limitations of the analysis.
– No discussion of future research or limitations.
– Missing next steps section.
Professional Presentation (10%)
– Paper is clear, concise, and well-written with proper grammar and mechanics. – Uses appropriate formatting and referencing style (e.g., APA). – Charts and graphs are visually appealing and enhance the presentation.
– Paper is mostly clear and well-written, but may contain some grammatical errors. – Formatting or referencing might be inconsistent. – Some issues with chart and graph presentation (e.g., clarity, aesthetics).
– Paper may contain significant grammatical errors or organizational issues. – Formatting or referencing is inconsistent or missing. – Charts and graphs are poorly presented or ineffective.
– Paper is poorly written, formatted, or lacking visuals.
I will also share a Google doc I got with the sources I have found, what I have done so far, and an outline of how I maybe want the paper to look.  Also, I have to do this “Data Analysis & Visualization, including a Data Dictionary” and don’t know what I am doing with that so if you have data that could be added to that send it my way. Other than all that please let me know of any problems or anything else you will need of me.