Category: International affairs / relations

This week we examined adjudication in international law. One of the primary ways disputes can be settled between varying states is through the use international courts. 
In Week 5, you were tasked with creating a treaty on trade with a neighboring country’s ambassador.  Unfortunately, that country has breached your trade agreement.  Both your state and the neighboring country are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO).  You have decided to bring the matter before the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body.  In your post this week, please answer the following questions:
1) Explain what the WTO is, its purpose and how matters can be resolved with the assistance of WTO Dispute Settlement Body.
2) What procedures are available to resolve your dispute?
3) What do you foresee happening in resolution of the conflict with your neighboring country? 

Please respond to at least two other students. Peer responses must be of sufficient length to address the discussion prompt sufficiently and sufficient substance to be meaningful (a good guide is for it to be around 100-150 words), substantive (i.e., address the content of the post and the lesson material), and grounded in the lesson material and literature. A good way to address this requirement is to make direct reference to at least one of the assigned readings and/or the lesson material in each of your required peer responses. You may challenge, support, or supplement another student’s answer using the terms, concepts, and theories from the required readings. Also, do not be afraid to respectfully disagree where you feel appropriate, as this should be part of your analysis process at this academic level.
Answer 1: self-explanatory
Answer 2: self-explanatory 
Answer 3: self-explanatory 
When writing your response, please include in the text of the answer:
– one question
– a new fact and/or a new perspective
– use one source and cite the source at the end
– information that would support a further conversation
– address the post
Write all answers in the same document and mark them as Answer 1, Answer 2, and Answer 3 (separately).

Part 1:  This week, we are examining the world of treaties: their creation, historical presence, ratification, revocation and use among world leaders and countries.  After completing your assigned readings for the week, select any treaty to discuss and share with the class in your initial discussion post.  In your post, explain:
the history of the treaty;
its purpose;
parties to the treaty (past and present);
its importance in the world; and
why you selected it to discuss this week. 

Instructions
As we study Human Rights Law, we are currently watching a war unfold in Ukraine.  In your readings this week, you were tasked with reviewing the article: Russia, Ukraine & International Law: On Occupation, Armed Conflict and Human Rights, Feb. 23, 2022, available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/23/russia-ukraine-international-law-occupation-armed-conflict-and-human-rights.
This week, please discuss the evolution and history of international human rights law.  Summarize the above article and discuss what types of human rights violations have occurred in the Russia-Ukraine War.  Next, research and find another article discussing international humanitarian law and a specific crime against humanity which has occurred.  Summarize the article and explain what if anything can be or is currently being done to find justice for the crime. 
Please place your answer to the above questions in the textbox below.  Also, please note that your essay should be approximately 500 words and include properly formatted citations to your sources. 
Use at least one of the attached readings or website as a source.

This paper requires a written analysis of two lecture topics from Parts 3 and 4 of the course. The topics need to be linked. The topics are the International Monetary system and illicit economies on narcotics with a focus on Afghanistan. 
The two main issues being discussed in this paper is : (more information about them are in the outline attached below)
Money laundering and Impact of exchange rates!!!
Globalization and supply chains!!!
For the analysis, you need to
Give an overview of the topics and how you are linking them together;
Give a brief background of the core parameters of the topics based on the key literature;
Make an overall argument in relation to the literature.
2000 words (not including referencing) 
Please follow the criteria: 
Structure and Argumentation: The assignment is well-structured in order to present an argument;
Course literature: the examination must engage with all of the course literature linked to the chosen topics; 
Writing and referencing: the assignment is clearly written, within the stated word limit, with a no typos or grammatical errors, and has referenced sources in an appropriate fashion in accordance with a recognised system.
!!! Please use ALL of the 4 course literatures attached below !!!!
Always include the page number(s) of the relevant parts of a text you are referring to in the in-text citations. 
you can use external secondary sources to help with the main argument, however, please be sure to predominately use the course literature as this a key aspect of this assignment. 
– PLEASE PROVIDE A TURN IT IN AND GPT REPORT –
Additionally, I have attached an outline of the essay, please follow it. 

Cabal has decided to begin expanding its economic resources by drilling for oil in the sea.  While on an exploratory mission, it discovered oil approximately 14 nautical miles from its shore.  However, this location is 10 nautical miles from the State of Boring and 100 nautical miles from the State of Anarchy.  May Cabal begin its drilling operations?  Why or why not?  What are some options for international maritime boundary disputes?
See the explanation for the simulation in the attached documents. 

Instructions
This week, we examined the intricacies of international environmental law.  After reading International Environmental Law by David Hunter, January 5, 2021: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/insights-on-law-and-society/volume-19/insights-vol–19—issue-1/international-environmental-law/, please select one of the Global Environmental Agreements listed in the article.  
You must then research the agreement that you selected.  In an essay in the textbox of at least 500 words, please explain in detail the purpose of the agreement, important aspects of the agreement, the countries that are a party to the agreement, when it was entered into force and or the effective date, whether the agreement has been modified over the years or been the subject of debate and/or disagreement/litigation, what the future holds for the agreement, as well as the long term effects the agreement may have on the environment.  Please rely on pertinent and authoritatively correct high-quality resources.  Don’t forget to include citations to your supporting sources.  

Instructions
This week, we examined the law of the sea.  In the textbox, please write a research-based essay to explain the importance of UNCLOS.  What are some important statements of UNCLOS?  Does UNCLOS apply to every country that is a UN member, and why or why not?  Lastly, describe each of the following:  Territorial Waters, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone, and International Waters.

Instructions
This week, we examined the world of international adjudication and you will write a research essay on an international court of your choosing.
First, select one of the following international courts:
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International Criminal Court (ICC)
International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Permanent Court of Arbitration
World Bank – International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes
World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center
You will then write a short paper summarizing the court you have selected and explaining its importance and purpose.  In your essay, please explain the court’s function, construction, history, purpose and procedures.  You may also discuss any cases of importance or recent cases that are of interest to you.
Please remember that this is not an opinion assignment; please rely on pertinent and authoritatively correct high-quality resources. While you may have certain areas that include opinion, the majority of your paper should be focused on research.  When citing to websites, such as those for the international courts, don’t forget to use Rule 18 in The Bluebook.
Formatting:  Citations should be in APA or Bluebook format.  If you are a major in the Legal Studies Department, you are required to utilize Bluebook footnotes using the ‘insert footnote’ feature in Word.  However, no reference list is needed.  If you are a major that is not in the Legal Studies Department, you may use APA citations in parenthesis; however, you must include a reference list at the end of your paper.  Attach your submission in textbox. 

As we learned in Week 1, the State of Boring takes environmental conservation very seriously.  They keep their shores impeccably clean; have strict plastic use regulations and multiple mandatory recycling programs, as well as strict emissions laws.  They recently found though that one of their beaches has been impacted drastically by an increase in garbage coming from the ocean, as well as waste. This is negatively impacting the marine wildlife and ecosystems in the area.  The beach is no longer safe for residents to utilize.  The cause has been determined to be from the State of Anarchy dumping their garbage and manufacturing wastes into the ocean.  This pollution is also affecting Anarchy’s shores and Cabal’s.  In your post this week, discuss how Anarchy’s actions are an international law problem.  Are there any global environmental agreements that the three island states could enter into to resolve these issues or should the states create a new international agreement to stop the dumping?  Are Anarchy’s actions a problem for the entire world that may need to come before the United Nations or another type of international organization if the problem cannot be resolved between the three island nations amicably? 
Find the explanation for the simulation in the attachements.