Category: International Criminal Justice

Question- Which anti-corruption measures are most effective in reducing corruption across The Unites States and Singapore? 
Thesis statement- When anti-corruption measures are thoroughly examined, it is clear that policies that combine mechanisms that promote transparency, strong legal frameworks, active participation from civil society, and strict enforcement mechanisms are more effective in reducing corruption. Effectively combating corruption on a global scale requires a multifaceted approach that integrates preventive measures like transparency in governance, strong accountability mechanisms, and the promotion of ethical conduct alongside punitive measures like effective law enforcement and prosecution of corrupt practices.
4. My chosen research design is a qualitative case study. Case studies offer a chance to comprehend anti-corruption initiatives within their distinct socio-political, cultural, and institutional contexts, which is why I choose this study design. This makes it possible to comprehend these measures’ workings and the elements that influence whether they are successful or not. Case studies make it possible to analyze particular occurrences or examples in great detail. You can thoroughly examine the complexity and intricacies of the anti-corruption measures put in place in those environments by concentrating on one or a small number of examples (Gerring, 2004).
5. I. Introduction
Importance of addressing corruption and anti-corruption measures
Research aim and objectives
Purpose for conducting research 
II. Literature Review
Background of corruption as a global issue 
Definition and conceptualization of corruption
Review  on anti-corruption strategies and their effectiveness
Critique and gaps in the literature
Also provide how corruption is Measured https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated provides a nice framework for this. 
Describe the emergence and evolution of anti corruption measures at the global level 
III. Research Design and Methodology 
Qualitative Case study Research
Data collection methods (case studies United States and Singapore)
IV. Theoretical Framework
Present theoretical frameworks relevant to understanding corruption and anti-corruption measures Principal-agent theory, Collective action theory, Institutional theory, Game theory
Explanation of how chosen theories inform the research questions
V. Case Studies United States and Singapore 
Present findings from the qualitative analysis of anti-corruption measures in selected countries.
Provide detailed descriptions of the context, implementation, and outcomes of various measures.
Identify common patterns or differences across countries. 
Discuss the implementation of anti- corruption norms 
VI. Cross-Country Comparison United States and Singapore 
Compare the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures across different countries.
Analyze factors contributing to success or failure in reducing corruption.
Discuss the role of political, cultural, and institutional contexts in shaping outcomes.
VII. Discussion
Interpret the findings in light of the research question and objectives.
Reflect on the implications of the study 
Discuss limitations and suggestions for future research.
VIII. Conclusion
Summarize the key findings 
Revisit the research question and its significance.
Offer concluding remarks on the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures and avenues for further inquiry.
Global Witness (2017). Shell Knew: Emails show senior executives at UK’s biggest company knew it was party to a vast bribery scheme. www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/shell-knew/
McCusker, R. (2006). Review of anti-corruption strategies. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2007-01/apo-nid8483.pdf
McCoy, J. L., & Heckel, H. (2001). The emergence of a global anti-corruption norm. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263327550_The_Emergence_of_a_Global_Anti-corruption_Norm
Mendelsohn, M. F. (2015). The anti-bribery and anti-corruption review. https://www.steptoe.com/a/web/6118/China-Anti-Bribery-and-Anti-Corruption-Review-4th-Edition.pdf
Merriam, Sharan B., and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. Qualitative Research : A Guide to Design and Implementation, John Wiley &
Sons, Incorporated, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/johnjay-ebooks/detail.action?docID=2089475.
Peter Andreas, & Ethan Nadelmann. (2006). Policing the Globe : Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. Oxford University Press. https://cuny-jj.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=PC&vid=01CUNY_JJ:CUNY_JJ&search_scope=IZ_CI_AW&tab=Everything&docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_36900331
Quah, J. S. T. (2009). Governance and Corruption: Exploring the Connection. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 16(2), 119–135. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44288906
Quah, J. S. T. (2016). Singapore’s Success in Combating Corruption: Four Lessons for China. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 23(2), 187–209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44289154
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). Module 1 What Is Corruption and Why Should We Care?. Vienna. Retrieved from https://grace.unodc.org/grace/uploads/documents/academics/Anti-Corruption_Module_1_What_Is_Corruption_and_Why_Should_We_Care.pdf 
United Nations. (2003). United Nations Convention against Corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf

“Beyond Borders: Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Policies”
Question  Which anti-corruption measures are most effective in reducing corruption across The Unites States and Singapore? 
Thesis statmenet- 
When anti-corruption measures are thoroughly examined, it is clear that policies that combine mechanisms that promote transparency, strong legal frameworks, active participation from civil society, and strict enforcement mechanisms are more effective in reducing corruption. Effectively combating corruption on a global scale requires a multifaceted approach that integrates preventive measures like transparency in governance, strong accountability mechanisms, and the promotion of ethical conduct alongside punitive measures like effective law enforcement and prosecution of corrupt practices.
Research design- 
My chosen research design is a qualitative case study. Case studies offer a chance to comprehend anti-corruption initiatives within their distinct socio-political, cultural, and institutional contexts, which is why I choose this study design. This makes it possible to comprehend these measures’ workings and the elements that influence whether they are successful or not. Case studies make it possible to analyze particular occurrences or examples in great detail. You can thoroughly examine the complexity and intricacies of the anti-corruption measures put in place in those environments by concentrating on one or a small number of examples (Gerring, 2004).
5. I. Introduction
Importance of addressing corruption and anti-corruption measures
Research aim and objectives
Purpose for conducting research 
II. Literature Review
Background of corruption as a global issue 
Definition and conceptualization of corruption
Review  on anti-corruption strategies and their effectiveness
Critique and gaps in the literature
Also provide how corruption is Measured https://www.transparency.org/en/news/how-cpi-scores-are-calculated provides a nice framework for this. 
Describe the emergence and evolution of anti corruption measures at the global level 
III. Research Design and Methodology 
Qualitative Case study Research
Data collection methods (case studies United States and Singapore)
IV. Theoretical Framework
Present theoretical frameworks relevant to understanding corruption and anti-corruption measures Principal-agent theory, Collective action theory, Institutional theory, Game theory
Explanation of how chosen theories inform the research questions
V. Case Studies United States and Singapore 
Present findings from the qualitative analysis of anti-corruption measures in selected countries.
Provide detailed descriptions of the context, implementation, and outcomes of various measures.
Identify common patterns or differences across countries. 
Discuss the implementation of anti- corruption norms 
VI. Cross-Country Comparison United States and Singapore 
Compare the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures across different countries.
Analyze factors contributing to success or failure in reducing corruption.
Discuss the role of political, cultural, and institutional contexts in shaping outcomes.
VII. Discussion
Interpret the findings in light of the research question and objectives.
Reflect on the implications of the study 
Discuss limitations and suggestions for future research.
VIII. Conclusion
Summarize the key findings 
Revisit the research question and its significance.
Offer concluding remarks on the effectiveness of anti-corruption measures and avenues for further inquiry.
Global Witness (2017). Shell Knew: Emails show senior executives at UK’s biggest company knew it was party to a vast bribery scheme. www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/oil-gas-and-mining/shell-knew/
McCusker, R. (2006). Review of anti-corruption strategies. Australian Institute of Criminology. https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2007-01/apo-nid8483.pdf
McCoy, J. L., & Heckel, H. (2001). The emergence of a global anti-corruption norm. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263327550_The_Emergence_of_a_Global_Anti-corruption_Norm
Mendelsohn, M. F. (2015). The anti-bribery and anti-corruption review. https://www.steptoe.com/a/web/6118/China-Anti-Bribery-and-Anti-Corruption-Review-4th-Edition.pdf
Merriam, Sharan B., and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. Qualitative Research : A Guide to Design and Implementation, John Wiley &
Sons, Incorporated, 2015. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/johnjay-ebooks/detail.action?docID=2089475.
Peter Andreas, & Ethan Nadelmann. (2006). Policing the Globe : Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. Oxford University Press. https://cuny-jj.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?context=PC&vid=01CUNY_JJ:CUNY_JJ&search_scope=IZ_CI_AW&tab=Everything&docid=cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_36900331
Quah, J. S. T. (2009). Governance and Corruption: Exploring the Connection. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 16(2), 119–135. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44288906
Quah, J. S. T. (2016). Singapore’s Success in Combating Corruption: Four Lessons for China. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 23(2), 187–209. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44289154
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2023). Module 1 What Is Corruption and Why Should We Care?. Vienna. Retrieved from https://grace.unodc.org/grace/uploads/documents/academics/Anti-Corruption_Module_1_What_Is_Corruption_and_Why_Should_We_Care.pdf 
United Nations. (2003). United Nations Convention against Corruption. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNCAC/Publications/Convention/08-50026_E.pdf