Category: Linguistics

It’s a really important essay. The teacher is really strict with everything and is a grumpy lady. 
The necessary informationnare in the CREDIT file and I am sending my last essay as well, her comment on that was: 
E (which is F for her) Unmanaged non-native compilation of mostly irrelevant sources
Introduction: too long, but let’s say OK (but see Quotes below)
Ch. 2 – Rethinking: you didn’t justify the division of verbs into action and static. (Which group would Mod and Aux be in?) – meaning is not the point of the classification.
I didn’t even understand the division of pronouns: as if there were two word types, both called pronouns? And in which group would relative and interrogative pronouns belong?
What’s missing is a suggestion of how some groups could be combined (it was one of the requirements in the assignment), and it’s not here.
Chapter 3: in the text you are just repeating what Fillmore said – and what you suggest does not show that you have understood it.
And there’s something about combining prepositions and conjunctions – which belongs in the chapter preface. Except that after you’ve suggested splitting pronouns and verbs it would be (by Fillmore’s criteria) a very unfortunate idea. And this part of the text looks very (!!!) unoriginal. The rather sophisticated argumentation then directly contradicts what you wrote before. The conclusion is a word salad copied from who knows where.
CITATION: I have pointed out several times that in linguistics, bibliographies are NEVER footnoted! And certainly not repeatedly the same thing, just with different pages!!! Linguistics is not a historical science and has its own rules. Yours looks silly. Moreover, a reference using a footnote number obscures what actually belongs to the quote and what is your text – the whole paragraph? Just one sentence? Judging by vocabulary and syntax, quite a lot of the text is non-original.
Moreover: the authors you cite must be authorities in the field… I’m not sure Novak+Papcunova are among the current linguistic stars (plus it’s 27 years old) – some dictionary would be a better source for a historical overview. And Frawley is also not the person to reveal that verbs convey agency and aspect- that’s a trivial fact since Panini. I really didn’t understand the relevance of Doesksen’s analysis of deictics in Estonian to your essay.
Being able to cite relevant authors – in the right way is a significant sign of your competence, so try better next time. This way it looks like you didn’t feel like formulating it in English and so you copied it.
I just need it to pass and get credits and I’m getting desperate. I already paid someone before and it still didn’t fly. 

Research Paper – PART 1
TOPIC:
Both the leadership of the People’s National Party (PNP) and the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) have recently directly addressed the issue of language in Jamaica and have suggested potential approaches to language policy.
STEP 1:
You MUST WATCH the YouTube link below to understand the assignment and how to compile the needed information from the Jamaican Gleaner online, for part one of the research paper.
YouTube Link:

STEP 2:
For your research paper, you are to sample no less than fifty (50) newspaper articles in the Jamaica Gleaner that deal with the issue of “Standard English”.
Therefore, the 50 articles must be cited in APA 7th Edition, with their correct information and links, etc.
STEP 3:
You are required to:
Categorize and quantify the main argument(s) in these articles so as to present an analysis of the written debate surrounding the place of Standard English in Jamaica that is supported by data.

summary of chapter 2 (only pp. 13-32:)  in Word format (two-tthree pages, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman 12 points, 2.5 cm left margin and 2.5 cm right margin). Do not use numbered sections or tables.
Professor’s instructions: 
-Mention one or two hypotheses
– one to two examples are enough 
-Cover some of main topics but not every topic 
-Don’t go into every hypothesis but it is a topic that should be discussed 
– Your summary should include The location and timeframe of the indo European,
The existence of the indo European language family, a discussion of the existence of the indo European family, the homeland of indo European and the methods we used to reconstruct the indo European family tree.

I found examples in an acceptance speech of verbs, adjectives and nouns but unfortunatelly I created 3 subsections that are not very logical. I am looking for somebody who can split each category: nouns, verbs and adjectives into derivational, inflectional morphology and other examples. 

Ultimately the Linguistic Autobiography will be a brief essay of 750 – 1500 words (2-3 pp) about your personal history and experience with language (what you turn in for Stage 2). Whereas our initial course modules focus on the formal aspects of language, this assignment is an invitation to focus on its function and how it relates to your membership in communities.
For this stage, though, the goal is just to collect your thoughts by completing a questionnaire. Course staff will comment directly in your submitted response (see “Formatting” below) with follow-up questions or suggestions to help you build your observations into an essay.
Provide answers to the following questions with as much detail as you feel comfortable sharing.
Where are you from(China)? Where have you lived(USA)? Who have you lived with(my parent who doesn’t speak english, they speak mandarin)?
Which of these social details do you think may have influenced the way you use language now? Are there other social details that you think are relevant or important?
Is there a language variety you used to know as a small child that you don’t speak so well anymore? (*see note below these questions for some links about the term “language variety”)
Is English, especially the standardized variety used in instruction at this University, something that you learned in school? What do you remember from your experience in learning English?
Do you remember particular comments or instances where your language variety was commented on? Have you ever been praised for your fluency in a standardized variety of language (including but not limited to English)? Have you ever received criticism because of not using a particular language variety?
Are there other languages you learned in school that have been important to your personal development? Are there any you aspire to learn? If so, why?
Is there anything else you’d like to add? Do you have any observations about your personal history and its relation to language that is not covered by the prompts above?
*You can have a look at these pages to get an overview of what I mean by “language variety.”
1. https://www.thoughtco.com/language-variety-sociolinguistics-1691100#:~:text=In%20sociolinguistics%2C%20language%20variety%E2%80%94also%20called%20lect%20%E2%80%94is%20a,a%20language%2C%20including%20dialect%2C%20register%2C%20jargon%2C%20and%20idiolect.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)
3. https://wmblogs.wm.edu/annecharityhudley/my-linguistic-autobiography/
4.https://christinemallinson.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/my-linguistic-autobiography.pdf
5. https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/HowIgot.html

Professor sent the paper (see attached file) back for revision with following comments:
The paper needs defence:
Where is literature review (i.e. theoretical framework.) which is commonly written before the empirical part and later employed in  text analyses?
Highlight the discussion of such theories which might be used in the empirical research. Waiting for the paper.
Based on the comments above I’m looking for experienced writer who has written thesis and literature review and clearly understands what my professor wants from me and is capable to revise the paper’s literature review part accordingly.
Based on my professor’s feedback, it seems that while my current literature review does discuss various aspects of post-apocalyptic literature and linguistic analysis, it may not explicitly connect these discussions to a well-defined theoretical framework. A theoretical framework in a literature review serves as a foundation that guides analysis, helping to explain why and how I would approach the topic in a certain way. It seems my professor is looking for a more direct and clear articulation of the theories underpinning my analysis.
To improve my literature review based on the feedback:
1. **Explicitly State the Theoretical Framework**: Begin the literature review by clearly stating the theoretical framework. This means identifying and explaining the main theories or concepts that my paper relies on. For example, writer might want to focus on theories of identity formation in literature, theories of linguistic representation in dystopian narratives, or theories about the role of language in shaping themes and characters.
2. **Integrate Theory with the Existing Literature**: As writer discuss various studies, articles, and opinions in the literature review, directly relate them to chosen theoretical framework. Show how these studies support, challenge, or expand the theories you are using.
3. **Highlight the Relevance of the Theories**: Explain why these theories are important for understanding ‘The Blue Book of Nebo’. How do they help in analyzing linguistic patterns and their impact on themes of survival and identity? This connection needs to be clear and explicit.
4. **Prepare for Application in Analysis**: While you’re not doing the actual analysis in the literature review writer should set the stage for it. Indicate how these theories will guide analysis of the novel.
Fromthe descriiption, it seems that current literature review might be more focused on discussing various perspectives and findings related to post-apocalyptic literature and linguistics. To align with my professor’s expectations, writer should reframe this discussion within a specific theoretical context.
In summary, this literature review should not just be a collection of related studies and findings but should also clearly articulate the theoretical lens through which hypotetical analysis will be conducted.

Proposal 
The proposal should be feasible in terms of timeline (4-6 months), data collection (e.g.
availability of participants, accessibility of research site) and analysis (e.g. researcher capacity
and resources). 
The proposal should demonstrate a need for the research in relation to a
thorough literature review. You can include pilot data analysis which demonstrates the
feasibility of the study/method and from which you may be able to project preliminary
findings which justify your research aim.
APA 6th 
Criteria for assessment: 
Written proposal/study 
• Synthesis of literature – r
elevance, critique, coherence and cohesion 
• Approach, design and analytic procedure in relation to aim – clarity, suitability and
quality of justification (proposal & study); feasibility (proposal); appropriateness of
findings and conclusion (study) 
• Appropriate and accurate use of written academic register and citation and
referencing conventions
• Work submitted is your own independent work
please focus on the methodolgy section .

NOTE: Using ChatGPT or other generative AI service to create an essay is prohibited for this assignment!
For the assignment, you will write a short essay (2-3 pages, single-spaced) on the history of a loan word. The word can be either a) or b):
a) a word in English that was borrowed from an Asian language, or
b) a word in an Asian language that came from another language (e.g., a European language or another Asian language).
Look up the word in multiple dictionaries. (Make sure to cite the sources!) Trace its root and describe how its form (pronunciation & spelling) changed in the process of borrowing (e.g., how the form in the source language differs from its English spelling). Discuss how the meaning of the word has changed over time, and whether this borrowing has had influence on English and the language that is involved, culturally and linguistically. Make sure to do the readings before you write the essay because the readings will provide a rich background and examples for describing and doing research on loan words. You are also encouraged to use Ngram. Remember to cite any resources that you used to learn about the word’s history.
Here are some resources and steps you can take for your essay.
1) To find a loan word to work on, you can read 3.1 of the textbook. The following Wikipedia pages can also be helpful:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanwordLinks to an external site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_originLinks to an external site. 
Here are lists of words that English borrowed from some Asian languages:
a) From Chinese: chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee (Do not choose ketchup.)
b) From Japanese: geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
c) From Pacific Islands: bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
2) To learn about the history of the word, you can use any search engine (google) and find more resources. You can also use Google Ngram to learn about the popularity of the word or its competitors. You will definitely benefit from checking how the word is defined, its morphological decomposition and etymologies in a dictionary. For an English word, I find The American Heritage DictionaryLinks to an external site. to be particularly useful in describing the etymological origins.
What to include in your essay:
The definition of the word
Its morphological decomposition 
Which language it came from, its original form in that language, its meaning, sound, and orthographic information
If you can, trace its change over time, how its current use is different from that in the source language
Search for examples of how it is used today and provide some examples if possible.
Discuss the cultural context and significance of this loan word.

NOTE: Using ChatGPT or other generative AI service to create an essay is prohibited for this assignment!
For the assignment, you will write a short essay (2-3 pages, single-spaced) on the history of a loan word. The word can be either a) or b):
a) a word in English that was borrowed from an Asian language, or
b) a word in an Asian language that came from another language (e.g., a European language or another Asian language).
Look up the word in multiple dictionaries. (Make sure to cite the sources!) Trace its root and describe how its form (pronunciation & spelling) changed in the process of borrowing (e.g., how the form in the source language differs from its English spelling). Discuss how the meaning of the word has changed over time, and whether this borrowing has had influence on English and the language that is involved, culturally and linguistically. Make sure to do the readings before you write the essay because the readings will provide a rich background and examples for describing and doing research on loan words. You are also encouraged to use Ngram. Remember to cite any resources that you used to learn about the word’s history.
Here are some resources and steps you can take for your essay.
1) To find a loan word to work on, you can read 3.1 of the textbook. The following Wikipedia pages can also be helpful:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanwordLinks to an external site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_originLinks to an external site. 
Here are lists of words that English borrowed from some Asian languages:
a) From Chinese: chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee (Do not choose ketchup.)
b) From Japanese: geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
c) From Pacific Islands: bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
2) To learn about the history of the word, you can use any search engine (google) and find more resources. You can also use Google Ngram to learn about the popularity of the word or its competitors. You will definitely benefit from checking how the word is defined, its morphological decomposition and etymologies in a dictionary. For an English word, I find The American Heritage DictionaryLinks to an external site. to be particularly useful in describing the etymological origins.
What to include in your essay:
The definition of the word
Its morphological decomposition (please go ahead and read Section 3.2 and do Module 6 first, which may be helpful)
Which language it came from, its original form in that language, its meaning, sound, and orthographic information
If you can, trace its change over time, how its current use is different from that in the source language
Search for examples of how it is used today and provide some examples if possible.
Discuss the cultural context and significance of this loan word.

Replicate Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs (1986) in your chosen population and in english.
The parameters of your experiment are:
Use 6 somewhat similar or hard to describe images (tangrams or otherwise).
Make people take turns talking about them.
Measure something to do with linguistic alignment and/or turn-taking.
Show the images 3 times each in the experiment.
Develop an experimental procedure (see bottom of handout for C&WG procedure)
Decide how to present your pictures (How will you determine their arrangement? Do all pictures appear on all trials? Do both participants have all of the same information?)
Decide how many trials to present per pair of people.
Determine if there are any other pieces of information you want to collect from the participant, such as their first language (L1) or age. Collect only information that you think might be important.
Determine any other details that are necessary to answer your research question.
In developing your procedure, do consider any obvious sources of experimental error. For example, you might balance the location of images across trials.
Find one pair of people willing to serve as subjects in your experiment. Don’t ask someone to be a participant if you’ve already told them about the project. (This means you may have to keep the hypothesis of the experiment a “secret” from your roommates, etc., until after you’ve had them do it.)
Collect your data!
Get informed consent: Ask each person if they agree to participate in a paired picture describing experiment that will take about 10 minutes. Verbally get their agreement to be recorded.
Conduct the experiment. Record audio (for a spoken language) or video (for signed language) on your phone/computer. Depending on your question of interest, you may also want to time the conversational turns. You can absolutely conduct this over Zoom. 
After conducting the experiment, you can ask some follow-up questions (e.g., “What do you think the purpose of this study was?”).
Debrief your participant: Tell them what the study was about.
Tabulate your results in a spreadsheet. Pay close attention to the formatting and to the example below!
Each row should represent one response. It should show any participant-level data, what was in the trial, the role each participant had in each trial, the participant’s turn number in the trial, and what each participant said. You can use codes for each picture (‘PicID’ — T1, T2, etc). Participant-level data includes an ID number for each participant (not their name!) and each pair of participants, along with any other info about that participant that you collected (such as their age or native language).
Information that is the same across multiple trials of the experiment (such as the participant info for multiple trials done by the same participant) should be duplicated across the corresponding rows.
Some definitions here: a TRIAL is all the pictures that are presented together (all 12 tangrams in Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs), a PICTURE is all the descriptions related to one picture, and a TURN is the tradeoffs between director and matcher. Each trial in C&WG has 12 pictures, and each picture will typically have 2 turns (director, and matcher), and possibly many more.
Transcribe the results of both participants.
Listen to/rewatch your recording. Write down the descriptions used on each trial, including filled pauses like ‘uh’ and ‘um’.  Transcribing requires lots of rewinding, so do this carefully and systematically so that you record precisely what was said. 
You may use an AI service like otter.ai if you wish to give a *first pass* to your transcription– you need to listen through and check it for accuracy, adding filled pauses and disfluencies as you hear them. Please cite this service in your references if used.
Figure out how to code some dependent measure, perhaps per describer, per trial, per picture, and/or per turn. Just code ONE: this is quite time consuming.
Some options include: number of words per picture on the first turn, number of turns per picture or per trial, amount of time per picture or per trial, number of ‘um’s, number of ‘a/an’s (these are all things that have been shown to change over reference development). You can also come up with something else to measure if you would prefer to do so. 
Then, figure out what parts of your transcript file need to go in your coded data file. This will depend on whatever you coded—add only what you need in order to mark the ‘unique level of observation’—like these 3 examples that each could go with the transcript file above.
Write it up! Follow a structure of four labeled sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. You can add references at the end but don’t need to do outside research. Aim for a length of 3 to 5 pages (double spaced). Don’t stretch to make the maximum page limit: Short and clear will earn you a better grade in this class than long and wordy.
Introduction should describe the problem and provide small amount of background. You can use the textbook, lecture, and the Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs paper as your sources; you don’t need to do outside reading. This will probably be 1-2 paragraphs. It’s good practice to include any references in a short reference list at the end.
Methods should show the stimuli you used (pictures in arrays) and give a brief explanation of why you decided to use those particular ones. It will also describe your procedure in enough detail that we can clearly tell what you did.  This will probably be 1-2 paragraphs.
Results should include your findings. Include at least one figure or table of your results, appropriately captioned. This will probably be 2-3 paragraphs.
Discussion should include what hypothesis you think the data support, note any potential problems with the way you did the study, and list any ideas for future work. You can also mention any anecdotal information you found that may be important (e.g., “My participants were a couple and they used some inside jokes”). This will probably be 2-3 paragraphs.
References come at the end, and can be in any standard format that you like. The reference list on Canvas is in APA style and you can use that as a starting place.
Procedure used in Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)
-Assign ‘director’ role to one participant and ‘matcher’ role to the other.
-Participants are seated across from each other with dividing screen so they can’t see each other’s pictures. (Some nice low-budget dividers: cardboard box, 3-hole binder, a stack of books)
-On each of 6 trials:
-Give the director a set of images in a particular order (they used 15×20 cm cards in 2 rows of 6).  The experimenter arranged the image cards each time for the director.
-Then give the matcher a set of 12 image cards in a stack.
-Director has to get matcher to arrange cards in the same order as they have them in.
-Experimenter checks arrangement for errors.
-Each of the trials has different arrangements of pictures, making it a bit more challenging.
-Experimenter then codes the data!