Category: Linguistics

Ultimately the Linguistic Autobiography will be a brief essay of 750 – 1500 words (2-3 pp) about your personal history and experience with language (what you turn in for Stage 2). Whereas our initial course modules focus on the formal aspects of language, this assignment is an invitation to focus on its function and how it relates to your membership in communities.
For this stage, though, the goal is just to collect your thoughts by completing a questionnaire. Course staff will comment directly in your submitted response (see “Formatting” below) with follow-up questions or suggestions to help you build your observations into an essay.
Provide answers to the following questions with as much detail as you feel comfortable sharing.
Where are you from(China)? Where have you lived(USA)? Who have you lived with(my parent who doesn’t speak english, they speak mandarin)?
Which of these social details do you think may have influenced the way you use language now? Are there other social details that you think are relevant or important?
Is there a language variety you used to know as a small child that you don’t speak so well anymore? (*see note below these questions for some links about the term “language variety”)
Is English, especially the standardized variety used in instruction at this University, something that you learned in school? What do you remember from your experience in learning English?
Do you remember particular comments or instances where your language variety was commented on? Have you ever been praised for your fluency in a standardized variety of language (including but not limited to English)? Have you ever received criticism because of not using a particular language variety?
Are there other languages you learned in school that have been important to your personal development? Are there any you aspire to learn? If so, why?
Is there anything else you’d like to add? Do you have any observations about your personal history and its relation to language that is not covered by the prompts above?
*You can have a look at these pages to get an overview of what I mean by “language variety.”
1. https://www.thoughtco.com/language-variety-sociolinguistics-1691100#:~:text=In%20sociolinguistics%2C%20language%20variety%E2%80%94also%20called%20lect%20%E2%80%94is%20a,a%20language%2C%20including%20dialect%2C%20register%2C%20jargon%2C%20and%20idiolect.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)
3. https://wmblogs.wm.edu/annecharityhudley/my-linguistic-autobiography/
4.https://christinemallinson.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/my-linguistic-autobiography.pdf
5. https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/HowIgot.html

Professor sent the paper (see attached file) back for revision with following comments:
The paper needs defence:
Where is literature review (i.e. theoretical framework.) which is commonly written before the empirical part and later employed in  text analyses?
Highlight the discussion of such theories which might be used in the empirical research. Waiting for the paper.
Based on the comments above I’m looking for experienced writer who has written thesis and literature review and clearly understands what my professor wants from me and is capable to revise the paper’s literature review part accordingly.
Based on my professor’s feedback, it seems that while my current literature review does discuss various aspects of post-apocalyptic literature and linguistic analysis, it may not explicitly connect these discussions to a well-defined theoretical framework. A theoretical framework in a literature review serves as a foundation that guides analysis, helping to explain why and how I would approach the topic in a certain way. It seems my professor is looking for a more direct and clear articulation of the theories underpinning my analysis.
To improve my literature review based on the feedback:
1. **Explicitly State the Theoretical Framework**: Begin the literature review by clearly stating the theoretical framework. This means identifying and explaining the main theories or concepts that my paper relies on. For example, writer might want to focus on theories of identity formation in literature, theories of linguistic representation in dystopian narratives, or theories about the role of language in shaping themes and characters.
2. **Integrate Theory with the Existing Literature**: As writer discuss various studies, articles, and opinions in the literature review, directly relate them to chosen theoretical framework. Show how these studies support, challenge, or expand the theories you are using.
3. **Highlight the Relevance of the Theories**: Explain why these theories are important for understanding ‘The Blue Book of Nebo’. How do they help in analyzing linguistic patterns and their impact on themes of survival and identity? This connection needs to be clear and explicit.
4. **Prepare for Application in Analysis**: While you’re not doing the actual analysis in the literature review writer should set the stage for it. Indicate how these theories will guide analysis of the novel.
Fromthe descriiption, it seems that current literature review might be more focused on discussing various perspectives and findings related to post-apocalyptic literature and linguistics. To align with my professor’s expectations, writer should reframe this discussion within a specific theoretical context.
In summary, this literature review should not just be a collection of related studies and findings but should also clearly articulate the theoretical lens through which hypotetical analysis will be conducted.

Proposal 
The proposal should be feasible in terms of timeline (4-6 months), data collection (e.g.
availability of participants, accessibility of research site) and analysis (e.g. researcher capacity
and resources). 
The proposal should demonstrate a need for the research in relation to a
thorough literature review. You can include pilot data analysis which demonstrates the
feasibility of the study/method and from which you may be able to project preliminary
findings which justify your research aim.
APA 6th 
Criteria for assessment: 
Written proposal/study 
• Synthesis of literature – r
elevance, critique, coherence and cohesion 
• Approach, design and analytic procedure in relation to aim – clarity, suitability and
quality of justification (proposal & study); feasibility (proposal); appropriateness of
findings and conclusion (study) 
• Appropriate and accurate use of written academic register and citation and
referencing conventions
• Work submitted is your own independent work
please focus on the methodolgy section .

NOTE: Using ChatGPT or other generative AI service to create an essay is prohibited for this assignment!
For the assignment, you will write a short essay (2-3 pages, single-spaced) on the history of a loan word. The word can be either a) or b):
a) a word in English that was borrowed from an Asian language, or
b) a word in an Asian language that came from another language (e.g., a European language or another Asian language).
Look up the word in multiple dictionaries. (Make sure to cite the sources!) Trace its root and describe how its form (pronunciation & spelling) changed in the process of borrowing (e.g., how the form in the source language differs from its English spelling). Discuss how the meaning of the word has changed over time, and whether this borrowing has had influence on English and the language that is involved, culturally and linguistically. Make sure to do the readings before you write the essay because the readings will provide a rich background and examples for describing and doing research on loan words. You are also encouraged to use Ngram. Remember to cite any resources that you used to learn about the word’s history.
Here are some resources and steps you can take for your essay.
1) To find a loan word to work on, you can read 3.1 of the textbook. The following Wikipedia pages can also be helpful:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanwordLinks to an external site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_originLinks to an external site. 
Here are lists of words that English borrowed from some Asian languages:
a) From Chinese: chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee (Do not choose ketchup.)
b) From Japanese: geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
c) From Pacific Islands: bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
2) To learn about the history of the word, you can use any search engine (google) and find more resources. You can also use Google Ngram to learn about the popularity of the word or its competitors. You will definitely benefit from checking how the word is defined, its morphological decomposition and etymologies in a dictionary. For an English word, I find The American Heritage DictionaryLinks to an external site. to be particularly useful in describing the etymological origins.
What to include in your essay:
The definition of the word
Its morphological decomposition 
Which language it came from, its original form in that language, its meaning, sound, and orthographic information
If you can, trace its change over time, how its current use is different from that in the source language
Search for examples of how it is used today and provide some examples if possible.
Discuss the cultural context and significance of this loan word.

NOTE: Using ChatGPT or other generative AI service to create an essay is prohibited for this assignment!
For the assignment, you will write a short essay (2-3 pages, single-spaced) on the history of a loan word. The word can be either a) or b):
a) a word in English that was borrowed from an Asian language, or
b) a word in an Asian language that came from another language (e.g., a European language or another Asian language).
Look up the word in multiple dictionaries. (Make sure to cite the sources!) Trace its root and describe how its form (pronunciation & spelling) changed in the process of borrowing (e.g., how the form in the source language differs from its English spelling). Discuss how the meaning of the word has changed over time, and whether this borrowing has had influence on English and the language that is involved, culturally and linguistically. Make sure to do the readings before you write the essay because the readings will provide a rich background and examples for describing and doing research on loan words. You are also encouraged to use Ngram. Remember to cite any resources that you used to learn about the word’s history.
Here are some resources and steps you can take for your essay.
1) To find a loan word to work on, you can read 3.1 of the textbook. The following Wikipedia pages can also be helpful:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanwordLinks to an external site.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_originLinks to an external site. 
Here are lists of words that English borrowed from some Asian languages:
a) From Chinese: chop suey, chow mein, dim sum, ketchup, tea, ginseng, kowtow, litchee (Do not choose ketchup.)
b) From Japanese: geisha, hara kiri, judo, jujitsu, kamikaze, karaoke, kimono, samurai, soy, sumo, sushi, tsunami
c) From Pacific Islands: bamboo, gingham, rattan, taboo, tattoo, ukulele, boondocks
2) To learn about the history of the word, you can use any search engine (google) and find more resources. You can also use Google Ngram to learn about the popularity of the word or its competitors. You will definitely benefit from checking how the word is defined, its morphological decomposition and etymologies in a dictionary. For an English word, I find The American Heritage DictionaryLinks to an external site. to be particularly useful in describing the etymological origins.
What to include in your essay:
The definition of the word
Its morphological decomposition (please go ahead and read Section 3.2 and do Module 6 first, which may be helpful)
Which language it came from, its original form in that language, its meaning, sound, and orthographic information
If you can, trace its change over time, how its current use is different from that in the source language
Search for examples of how it is used today and provide some examples if possible.
Discuss the cultural context and significance of this loan word.

Replicate Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs (1986) in your chosen population and in english.
The parameters of your experiment are:
Use 6 somewhat similar or hard to describe images (tangrams or otherwise).
Make people take turns talking about them.
Measure something to do with linguistic alignment and/or turn-taking.
Show the images 3 times each in the experiment.
Develop an experimental procedure (see bottom of handout for C&WG procedure)
Decide how to present your pictures (How will you determine their arrangement? Do all pictures appear on all trials? Do both participants have all of the same information?)
Decide how many trials to present per pair of people.
Determine if there are any other pieces of information you want to collect from the participant, such as their first language (L1) or age. Collect only information that you think might be important.
Determine any other details that are necessary to answer your research question.
In developing your procedure, do consider any obvious sources of experimental error. For example, you might balance the location of images across trials.
Find one pair of people willing to serve as subjects in your experiment. Don’t ask someone to be a participant if you’ve already told them about the project. (This means you may have to keep the hypothesis of the experiment a “secret” from your roommates, etc., until after you’ve had them do it.)
Collect your data!
Get informed consent: Ask each person if they agree to participate in a paired picture describing experiment that will take about 10 minutes. Verbally get their agreement to be recorded.
Conduct the experiment. Record audio (for a spoken language) or video (for signed language) on your phone/computer. Depending on your question of interest, you may also want to time the conversational turns. You can absolutely conduct this over Zoom. 
After conducting the experiment, you can ask some follow-up questions (e.g., “What do you think the purpose of this study was?”).
Debrief your participant: Tell them what the study was about.
Tabulate your results in a spreadsheet. Pay close attention to the formatting and to the example below!
Each row should represent one response. It should show any participant-level data, what was in the trial, the role each participant had in each trial, the participant’s turn number in the trial, and what each participant said. You can use codes for each picture (‘PicID’ — T1, T2, etc). Participant-level data includes an ID number for each participant (not their name!) and each pair of participants, along with any other info about that participant that you collected (such as their age or native language).
Information that is the same across multiple trials of the experiment (such as the participant info for multiple trials done by the same participant) should be duplicated across the corresponding rows.
Some definitions here: a TRIAL is all the pictures that are presented together (all 12 tangrams in Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs), a PICTURE is all the descriptions related to one picture, and a TURN is the tradeoffs between director and matcher. Each trial in C&WG has 12 pictures, and each picture will typically have 2 turns (director, and matcher), and possibly many more.
Transcribe the results of both participants.
Listen to/rewatch your recording. Write down the descriptions used on each trial, including filled pauses like ‘uh’ and ‘um’.  Transcribing requires lots of rewinding, so do this carefully and systematically so that you record precisely what was said. 
You may use an AI service like otter.ai if you wish to give a *first pass* to your transcription– you need to listen through and check it for accuracy, adding filled pauses and disfluencies as you hear them. Please cite this service in your references if used.
Figure out how to code some dependent measure, perhaps per describer, per trial, per picture, and/or per turn. Just code ONE: this is quite time consuming.
Some options include: number of words per picture on the first turn, number of turns per picture or per trial, amount of time per picture or per trial, number of ‘um’s, number of ‘a/an’s (these are all things that have been shown to change over reference development). You can also come up with something else to measure if you would prefer to do so. 
Then, figure out what parts of your transcript file need to go in your coded data file. This will depend on whatever you coded—add only what you need in order to mark the ‘unique level of observation’—like these 3 examples that each could go with the transcript file above.
Write it up! Follow a structure of four labeled sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. You can add references at the end but don’t need to do outside research. Aim for a length of 3 to 5 pages (double spaced). Don’t stretch to make the maximum page limit: Short and clear will earn you a better grade in this class than long and wordy.
Introduction should describe the problem and provide small amount of background. You can use the textbook, lecture, and the Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs paper as your sources; you don’t need to do outside reading. This will probably be 1-2 paragraphs. It’s good practice to include any references in a short reference list at the end.
Methods should show the stimuli you used (pictures in arrays) and give a brief explanation of why you decided to use those particular ones. It will also describe your procedure in enough detail that we can clearly tell what you did.  This will probably be 1-2 paragraphs.
Results should include your findings. Include at least one figure or table of your results, appropriately captioned. This will probably be 2-3 paragraphs.
Discussion should include what hypothesis you think the data support, note any potential problems with the way you did the study, and list any ideas for future work. You can also mention any anecdotal information you found that may be important (e.g., “My participants were a couple and they used some inside jokes”). This will probably be 2-3 paragraphs.
References come at the end, and can be in any standard format that you like. The reference list on Canvas is in APA style and you can use that as a starting place.
Procedure used in Clark & Wilkes-Gibbs (1986)
-Assign ‘director’ role to one participant and ‘matcher’ role to the other.
-Participants are seated across from each other with dividing screen so they can’t see each other’s pictures. (Some nice low-budget dividers: cardboard box, 3-hole binder, a stack of books)
-On each of 6 trials:
-Give the director a set of images in a particular order (they used 15×20 cm cards in 2 rows of 6).  The experimenter arranged the image cards each time for the director.
-Then give the matcher a set of 12 image cards in a stack.
-Director has to get matcher to arrange cards in the same order as they have them in.
-Experimenter checks arrangement for errors.
-Each of the trials has different arrangements of pictures, making it a bit more challenging.
-Experimenter then codes the data!

The instructions are in the files so please make sure you read them carefully.
I have attached the research proposal and the 4 academic resources on my topic.
I also attached the instructions and rubric for guidance.
Thank you let me know if you have any questions.

The entire assignment is to be written in Spanish. Not to exceed 2 paragraphs. Only use vocabulary at Spanish 1 & Spanish 2 level. The guidelines are attached. This is not a written paper but a small assignment. Droughts is the natural disaster to use.
Important Info
The order was placed through a short procedure (customer skipped some order details).
Please clarify some paper details before starting to work on the order.
Type of paper and subject
Number of sources and formatting style
Type of service (writing, rewriting, etc)

Week 3 Child Development Video 
Each of you have been assigned a child to watch and discuss. The assigned child’s video is in Module 3. 
You write up a power point in detail regarding typical development for a child that age and what you observed for your assigned child in each of the following areas: motor, cognition, social and communication. At this age they are communicating soplease in detail in the powerpoint make sure to talk about each skill. You neeed to write was is typical for that child that age in those skills and how he demonstrates. it The videos are of typically developing children, so your notes and developmental tables (Appendix C, Owens text, beginning at page 422) should be helpful.
ASSIGNED: Rio-4 weeks
I have attached the video and i have also attached a powerpoint to better give more info on the skills and other information that is helpful. You can do additional research to know more

In the doc there are comments. The professor mentioned that the work needs work. Include definitions from heritage speakers, voice onset time, greek vot, vot of heritage speakers etc. Research questions should derive from some literature. I have included many focus groups, to focus on only one and to justify why I chose to investigate it with references, a group that presents something special and there is already evidence for it. Every choice I make should be based on a bibliography. If you need, he has uploaded reports on phonology of heritage speakers, not just vot.