Category: Pharmacology

Addressing Ancestry and Sex Bias in Pharmacogenomics poster presentation
Link that must be used to create the poster :
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030823-111731
I will attach the template that the poster must be created on and an example of one I have created before.

The nature of this project is toxicological analysis, we expose the
water flea daphnia pulex ( animal model) to specific compounds to observe
any genomic changes. Specifically, I will expose daphnids to 3 different
concentrations of 17 alpha ehinyl estradiol, a synthetic estrogen, for 24 hours

DRUG CARD
Information to be included:
1. Category
2. Drugs in category
3. Drug purpose
4. Pharmacological action
5. Adverse effects
6. Patient education 
Complete 1 form for each category.
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet
PCN
Aminoglycosides
example
DRUG NAME, LIST 3 DRUGS IN THE CATEGORY
CATEGORY=
DRUGS IN CATEGORY=
DRUG PURPOSE=
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION=
ADVERSE EFFECT=
PATIENT EDUCATION=
REFERENCES AT THE END PLEASE 

Directions: For each of the scenarios below, answer the questions below using your required learning resources, clinical practice guidelines, medscape and JNC 8. Explain the problem and explain how you would address the problem. When recommending medications, write out a complete prescription for each medication. What order would you send to a pharmacy? Include drug, dose, route, frequency, special instructions, # dispensed (days supply), refills, etc. Also state if you would continue, discontinue or taper the patient’s current medications. Use at least 3 sources for each scenario and cite sources using APA format. Sources need to be be in references as well as intext citation
Sara is a 45-year-old female presenting for her annual exam. Her blood pressure today is 160/90 HR 84 RR 16. Her height is 64 inches and her weight is 195. Her last visit to the clinic 3 months ago shows a BP of 156/92. She is currently taking ibuprofen 600 mg tid for back pain. She has no known allergies. What is the goal for her blood pressure? What medication would you prescribe to treat her blood pressure? What education would you prescribe?
Monty is a 52-year-old male following up on his labs that were drawn last week. He smokes 1 pack per day. He is currently on Lisinopril 20 mg po daily. He is allergic to penicillin. Fasting lipid profile shows total cholesterol 266, LDL cholesterol 180, HDL cholesterol 40, and Triglycerides 185. What treatment plan would you implement for Monty’s lipid profile? What is the goal Total Cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, and LDL-C level for Monty? How would you monitor the effectiveness of your treatment plan? How many risk factors for coronary artery disease does this patient have? Identify them specifically.
Beatrice is a 17-year-old female diagnosed with mild persistent asthma since age 7. During her visit today, she reports having to use her albuterol MDI 3 to 4 days per week over the past 2 months. Over the past week she has been using albuterol at least once per day. She reports being awakened by a cough three nights during the last month. She is becoming more short of breath with exercise. She also has a fluticasone MDI, which she uses “most days of the week.” Her current medications include: Flovent HFA 44 mcg, two puffs BID, Proventil HFA two puffs Q 4–6 H PRN shortness of breath, Yaz one PO daily, Propranolol 80 mg PO BID. What treatment plan would you implement for this patient? What medication changes would you make? How would you monitor the effectiveness of this plan?
Daute is a 56-year-old man seeking evaluation for increasing shortness of breath. He noticed difficulty catching his breath about 3 years ago. Physical activity increases his symptoms. He avoids activity as much as possible to prevent any SOB. His previous physician had placed him on salmeterol/fluticasone (Advair Diskus) one inhalation twice daily 2 years ago. He thinks his physician initiated the medication for the shortness of breath, but he is not entirely sure. He did not refill the prescription and has not been taking it. Pertinent history – Chronic bronchitis X 8 years with one exacerbation in last 12 months of treatment with oral antibiotics. He has a 40-pack-year smoking history. What treatment plan would you implement for this patient? What medication(s) would you prescribe? How would you monitor the effectiveness of this plan?

MY Drug is: Levothyroxine
Each student in the class
has been assigned drug topics alphabetically
Presentation
should be 3-5 minutes with + 1 poll question
◦ Please
include class and subclass of a medication, MOA, routes of administration,
indication,
cautions, contraindications, drug interactions, adverse effects, toxic effects.
◦ Please
include visual aids
◦ Pictures
+ Mnemonics or YouTube video (no more than 2 minutes of the presentation)
◦ Remember
to highlight KEY POINTS for your classmates to remember for the FINAL
◦ The
end of your PowerPoint slides should have your poll question with options A, B,
C, and
D. If
you have select all apply poll questions please have options F, G, and H as we
cannot
select
more than one option during the poll question. The poll will be launched by the
professor.
Please include a rationale slide after the poll question with correct answers
and
explanation
of the correct and incorrects

Answer the following questions in at least 7 sentences, paragraph form. Be sure to include APA in-text and post reference citations from Hitner, H., Nagle, B. T., Kaufman, M. B., Ariel, H., & Peimani-Lalehzarzadeh,Y. (2022). Pharmacology: An introduction (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN-13: 9781260021820 I have included my McGraw-Hill login info to access the ebook.as well. When you login to McGraw Hill Connect account, click on my account at the top of the page, then click on ebook access the login info will be provided for the assigned writer
Scenario 1
T.M, a 72 year old female was admitted to the medical-surgical floor for abdominal pain. The patient is scheduled for surgery (a laparotomy) in the morning. Post-op orders are discussed with the patient. The provider prescribes morphine.
1)Why was morphine ordered? (USLO 3.4)
2)What are the considerations for patients who are prescribed morphine? What are your concerns? Explain your answer. (USLO 3.4, 3.8)
3)T.M asks how naloxone is different from buprenorphine. How would you respond? Explain your answer. (USLO 3.4, 3.8)
4)Due to low urinary output, T.M stays in the hospital for 2 days. After clear diagnostic renal workup, T.M is discharged with a prescriiption for acetaminophen. What drug classification is acetaminophen? 5)How does it work? (USLO 3.2. 3.3)
6)What are the patient teachings for acetaminophen? (USLO 3.3, 3.4, 3.8)

Research and create pharmacology concept maps of commonly used Maternal Child medications. Increasing your knowledge of these medications will help you as you progress through the course.  Template attached below
Prenatal Vitamins
Oxytocin
Nalbuphine
Rh Immune Globulin
Vitamin K injection
Erythromycin eye ointment
You will need to upload your reference page separately. Reference page attached below.

Read and comment on at least THREE OTHER article and summary 
* Include a heading with the name of the person to whom you are responding.
* Your comments should be between 50 and 150 words, positive, thoughtful, and demonstrate that you read your classmate’s article and summary.  Each comment post should tell us what you learned about the pharmacology topic and what your thoughts are regarding your classmate’s answers to the discussion questions.
* To demonstrate that you have read your classmate’s post, refer to specific items in your comment.
1.) KATE 1. What is the name of your website or article, and what is the direct web address link?
* “Powerful Psychedelic Gains Renewed Attention as a Treatment for Opioid Addiction”
* https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/05/health/ibogaine-psychedelic-opioid-addiction.htmlLinks to an external site.
2. What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
* This article addresses a paradoxical effect of a drug. Ibogaine that has a specific psychedelic therapeutic effect produces the opposite effect of reducing opioid addiction with minimized usage.
3. What most interested you about this website or article?
* This article had quite many parts that were interesting. First, learning about ibogaine, which is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in certain plant family found in Central Africa, was mind-blowing. Due to its characteristics, it was used a lot in shamanistic rituals. However, when ingested too much, it can cause sudden cardiac arrest and death. The most interesting part about the article was, “According to a number of small studies, between a third and two-thirds of the people who were addicted to opioids or crack cocaine and were treated with the compound in a therapeutic setting were effectively cured of their habits, many after just a single session”. According to recent studies, drugs made from ibogaine plant bring out two distinct benefits. It suppresses the withdrawal and dependence/craving of opioid and gives sobriety. Although ibogaine is illegal to use in the United States as it is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, the studies around the world are getting bigger.
4. How did your website or article increase your understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic?
* Learning that certain drugs that are thought to target certain parts of our body to work as a stimulant drug (in this case, ibogaine) can possibly be used to suppress a different stimulant (or deficit of opioid chemicals in brain receptors in this case) was quite significant. Reading about Amphetamine stimulant drugs being used to treat children diagnosed with ADHD on p. 95 in the text book was really interesting to me, and finding a different example or a new case helped me to understand that we are always learning something new in the rapid development of pharmacological products and researches going around them.
 
2.) AILEEN 1. What is the name of your website or article, and what is the direct web address link?
Name of the article: “Ozempic, Wegovy linked to severe medical conditions including stomach problems, study finds” 
Web address: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna118823
Links to an external site.
2. What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
My chosen article addresses the topic of adverse drug reactions 
3. What most interested you about this website or article?
What interested me most about the article is that the drugs Wegovy and Ozempic, which were originally intended for managing type 2 diabetes, ended up being useful for weight loss as well. Reading about this reminded me of a portion of chapter six that spoke about something called off-label use, where drugs can be prescribed for things they weren’t originally intended for and have yet to be approved by the FDA for the alternative use.  
4. How did your website or article increase your understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic?
This article increased my understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic by informing me about the dangers of adverse drug reactions. I was not aware that drugs with such effects were allowed on the market. Learning about the adverse effects of the drugs mentioned in the article has made me more vigilant about the kinds of things I put into my body. I will definitely make sure to read about possible adverse reactions I might have to the drugs I take or consider taking.
3.) FRANCES
1.  What is the name of the website or article and what is the direct web address
Name of article- RNA based therapeutics
Web Address www.ncbi.nlm.hih.gov/pmc.articles
Links to an external site.
 2.  What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
My website address how the growing and understanding of RNA function. Like a growing understanding of RNA functions and their crucial roles in disease promotes the application of various RNAs to selectively function on hitherto “undruggable” proteins transcripts and genes, potentially broadening the therapeutics targets.  Several RNA-based medications have been approved for clinical use, while others are still under investigation or preclinical trails.  Here are a few facts about RNA small molecules and antibody drugs target 0.05% of the human genome, and most disease targets lack defining active sites for small-molecule binding.  Another fact is that abundant RNAs selectively act on proteins, transcripts and genes, which
broaden the range of druggable targets.  A defined sequence of RNA drugs makes the design of RNA therapeutics much easier.  The antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) inhibiting protein synthesis in the early 1980s promoted the rapid advances of RNA-based therapeutics.   In the 2000s, the proposal of RNAi and the use of siRNA silencing the human gene led to increased funding for RNA therapeutics other RNA molecule regulators and related mechanis
3.  What most interested you about the website or article?
What I found to be very interesting to me is how they can splice your genes and how only 0.05% of the human genome, and most disease targets lack defining active sites for small-molecule binding. This article was very interesting to me because of the gene splicing it is so interesting  how scientists are able to do this, and RNA has come a long way in such a short time.  There are so many interesting articles on pharmacotherapy you could research them all
4.  How did your website or article increase your understanding of pharmacotherapy topic?
This article helped me understand how hard the medical community is working to bring us more answers to RNA therapy’s and compared to conventional protein targeted and DNA based medicines RNA based therapeutics are prospective due to their distinct physicochemical and physiological properties RNAs function in three essential biology macromolecules like DNAs, RNAs, and protein’s 
 

Students in their first graduate level pharmacology course are confused with the recommendations for hypertension (HTN) and treatment choices after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and with heart failure (HF). The drugs used several years ago and still seen commonly on the acute care floors the students work are not the ones now assuming a stronger role in cardiac health issues. For one, the primary order of which meds are selected for an initial level of blood pressure control has seemed to change.
Help your fellow students by explaining the following changes.
1 Which classification of drugs has taken the first-choice role in most patients with early hypertension? Is it wrong to select a thiazide diuretic or a beta blocker as was once done?
2 Is there another primary choice for African American patients? Why?

Modern psychopharmacology is largely the story of chemical neurotransmission. One must be fluent in the language and principles of chemical neurotransmission to:
Understand the actions of drugs on the brain.
Grasp the impact of diseases upon the central nervous system.
Interpret the behavioral consequences of psychiatric medicines.
Discussion Post
Choose an FDA-approved medication currently used in psychiatry.
Explain the concept of that drug’s half-life.  
How long would it take for that drug to reach a steady state?  
How frequently should the medication be dosed based on the half-life? 
Use Epocrates.com as a reference for this assignment.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.