Category: Pharmacology

Answer the following questions in at least 7 sentences, paragraph form. Be sure to include APA in-text and post reference citations from Hitner, H., Nagle, B. T., Kaufman, M. B., Ariel, H., & Peimani-Lalehzarzadeh,Y. (2022). Pharmacology: An introduction (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN-13: 9781260021820 I have included my McGraw-Hill login info to access the ebook.as well. When you login to McGraw Hill Connect account, click on my account at the top of the page, then click on ebook access the login info will be provided for the assigned writer
Scenario 1
T.M, a 72 year old female was admitted to the medical-surgical floor for abdominal pain. The patient is scheduled for surgery (a laparotomy) in the morning. Post-op orders are discussed with the patient. The provider prescribes morphine.
1)Why was morphine ordered? (USLO 3.4)
2)What are the considerations for patients who are prescribed morphine? What are your concerns? Explain your answer. (USLO 3.4, 3.8)
3)T.M asks how naloxone is different from buprenorphine. How would you respond? Explain your answer. (USLO 3.4, 3.8)
4)Due to low urinary output, T.M stays in the hospital for 2 days. After clear diagnostic renal workup, T.M is discharged with a prescriiption for acetaminophen. What drug classification is acetaminophen? 5)How does it work? (USLO 3.2. 3.3)
6)What are the patient teachings for acetaminophen? (USLO 3.3, 3.4, 3.8)

Research and create pharmacology concept maps of commonly used Maternal Child medications. Increasing your knowledge of these medications will help you as you progress through the course.  Template attached below
Prenatal Vitamins
Oxytocin
Nalbuphine
Rh Immune Globulin
Vitamin K injection
Erythromycin eye ointment
You will need to upload your reference page separately. Reference page attached below.

Read and comment on at least THREE OTHER article and summary 
* Include a heading with the name of the person to whom you are responding.
* Your comments should be between 50 and 150 words, positive, thoughtful, and demonstrate that you read your classmate’s article and summary.  Each comment post should tell us what you learned about the pharmacology topic and what your thoughts are regarding your classmate’s answers to the discussion questions.
* To demonstrate that you have read your classmate’s post, refer to specific items in your comment.
1.) KATE 1. What is the name of your website or article, and what is the direct web address link?
* “Powerful Psychedelic Gains Renewed Attention as a Treatment for Opioid Addiction”
* https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/05/health/ibogaine-psychedelic-opioid-addiction.htmlLinks to an external site.
2. What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
* This article addresses a paradoxical effect of a drug. Ibogaine that has a specific psychedelic therapeutic effect produces the opposite effect of reducing opioid addiction with minimized usage.
3. What most interested you about this website or article?
* This article had quite many parts that were interesting. First, learning about ibogaine, which is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in certain plant family found in Central Africa, was mind-blowing. Due to its characteristics, it was used a lot in shamanistic rituals. However, when ingested too much, it can cause sudden cardiac arrest and death. The most interesting part about the article was, “According to a number of small studies, between a third and two-thirds of the people who were addicted to opioids or crack cocaine and were treated with the compound in a therapeutic setting were effectively cured of their habits, many after just a single session”. According to recent studies, drugs made from ibogaine plant bring out two distinct benefits. It suppresses the withdrawal and dependence/craving of opioid and gives sobriety. Although ibogaine is illegal to use in the United States as it is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance, the studies around the world are getting bigger.
4. How did your website or article increase your understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic?
* Learning that certain drugs that are thought to target certain parts of our body to work as a stimulant drug (in this case, ibogaine) can possibly be used to suppress a different stimulant (or deficit of opioid chemicals in brain receptors in this case) was quite significant. Reading about Amphetamine stimulant drugs being used to treat children diagnosed with ADHD on p. 95 in the text book was really interesting to me, and finding a different example or a new case helped me to understand that we are always learning something new in the rapid development of pharmacological products and researches going around them.
 
2.) AILEEN 1. What is the name of your website or article, and what is the direct web address link?
Name of the article: “Ozempic, Wegovy linked to severe medical conditions including stomach problems, study finds” 
Web address: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna118823
Links to an external site.
2. What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
My chosen article addresses the topic of adverse drug reactions 
3. What most interested you about this website or article?
What interested me most about the article is that the drugs Wegovy and Ozempic, which were originally intended for managing type 2 diabetes, ended up being useful for weight loss as well. Reading about this reminded me of a portion of chapter six that spoke about something called off-label use, where drugs can be prescribed for things they weren’t originally intended for and have yet to be approved by the FDA for the alternative use.  
4. How did your website or article increase your understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic?
This article increased my understanding of the pharmacotherapy topic by informing me about the dangers of adverse drug reactions. I was not aware that drugs with such effects were allowed on the market. Learning about the adverse effects of the drugs mentioned in the article has made me more vigilant about the kinds of things I put into my body. I will definitely make sure to read about possible adverse reactions I might have to the drugs I take or consider taking.
3.) FRANCES
1.  What is the name of the website or article and what is the direct web address
Name of article- RNA based therapeutics
Web Address www.ncbi.nlm.hih.gov/pmc.articles
Links to an external site.
 2.  What pharmacotherapy topic does your website or article address?
My website address how the growing and understanding of RNA function. Like a growing understanding of RNA functions and their crucial roles in disease promotes the application of various RNAs to selectively function on hitherto “undruggable” proteins transcripts and genes, potentially broadening the therapeutics targets.  Several RNA-based medications have been approved for clinical use, while others are still under investigation or preclinical trails.  Here are a few facts about RNA small molecules and antibody drugs target 0.05% of the human genome, and most disease targets lack defining active sites for small-molecule binding.  Another fact is that abundant RNAs selectively act on proteins, transcripts and genes, which
broaden the range of druggable targets.  A defined sequence of RNA drugs makes the design of RNA therapeutics much easier.  The antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) inhibiting protein synthesis in the early 1980s promoted the rapid advances of RNA-based therapeutics.   In the 2000s, the proposal of RNAi and the use of siRNA silencing the human gene led to increased funding for RNA therapeutics other RNA molecule regulators and related mechanis
3.  What most interested you about the website or article?
What I found to be very interesting to me is how they can splice your genes and how only 0.05% of the human genome, and most disease targets lack defining active sites for small-molecule binding. This article was very interesting to me because of the gene splicing it is so interesting  how scientists are able to do this, and RNA has come a long way in such a short time.  There are so many interesting articles on pharmacotherapy you could research them all
4.  How did your website or article increase your understanding of pharmacotherapy topic?
This article helped me understand how hard the medical community is working to bring us more answers to RNA therapy’s and compared to conventional protein targeted and DNA based medicines RNA based therapeutics are prospective due to their distinct physicochemical and physiological properties RNAs function in three essential biology macromolecules like DNAs, RNAs, and protein’s 
 

Students in their first graduate level pharmacology course are confused with the recommendations for hypertension (HTN) and treatment choices after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and with heart failure (HF). The drugs used several years ago and still seen commonly on the acute care floors the students work are not the ones now assuming a stronger role in cardiac health issues. For one, the primary order of which meds are selected for an initial level of blood pressure control has seemed to change.
Help your fellow students by explaining the following changes.
1 Which classification of drugs has taken the first-choice role in most patients with early hypertension? Is it wrong to select a thiazide diuretic or a beta blocker as was once done?
2 Is there another primary choice for African American patients? Why?

Modern psychopharmacology is largely the story of chemical neurotransmission. One must be fluent in the language and principles of chemical neurotransmission to:
Understand the actions of drugs on the brain.
Grasp the impact of diseases upon the central nervous system.
Interpret the behavioral consequences of psychiatric medicines.
Discussion Post
Choose an FDA-approved medication currently used in psychiatry.
Explain the concept of that drug’s half-life.  
How long would it take for that drug to reach a steady state?  
How frequently should the medication be dosed based on the half-life? 
Use Epocrates.com as a reference for this assignment.
Submission Instructions:
Your initial post should be at least 500 words, formatted and cited in current APA style with support from at least 2 academic sources.

Follow these guidelines when completing this assignment:
1. Choose a pharmacological agent that has been on the market less than 5 years.
2. Research the literature and obtain two to three resources for current, evidence-based information related to the pharmacological agent.
3. Develop a teaching brochure and one page paper following these guidelines:
a. Brochure for nurses- Focus on nurses for literacy level
• Key/Relevant Drug Information (30 points/30%)
o Drug Class
o Mechanism of Action
o Drug Administration and Dosage
o Drug Interactions
o Lab effects/interference
• Patient Education Considerations (35 points/35%)
o Nursing Management
o Patient Education Considerations (special considerations)- provide examples specific to client age needs- geriatric, pediatric and pregnant client
o Patient Assessment
o Side Effects/Adverse Effects/Toxicities
o Special considerations- provide examples specific to client age needs- geriatric, pediatric, and pregnant clients
o Visual Effects/Creativity (10 points/10%)
o Developed per the required standard
o Appropriate for the intended audience (focus on nurses for literacy level)
o Graphics enhance the purpose of the brochure
o Brochure is visually appealing
b. One Page Paper (15 points/15%)
• Describes intended use of brochure (focus on nurses for literacy level)
• Includes:
o Name
o Date
o Class
o Reference page
• Describe how brochure information would be revised if intended brochure audience had a low health literacy level.
c. APA Format (5 points/5%)
• Includes no more than 3 unique errors with APA format (current ed.)
• At least two (2) scholarly, primary sources from the last 5 years, excluding the textbook, are provided
d. Writing and Mechanics (5 points/5%)
• Clearly written
• Includes no more than three unique errors of grammar
• Includes no more than three unique errors in writing mechanics
• Paper is one page, excluding references and title page

I need to answer A , B ,C  mention everything in   under the A , B ,C   Which i mean this (i) , (ii) ,(iii) ,(iv) , (v) 
Here is what is required : 
(A)
Outline TWO unmet clinical needs that could be addressed by your technology.
Each of the following points should be covered and explained clearly, concisely and accurately to give a balanced and informative overview of the clinical need: (i)
Inclusion of two distinct appropriate examples of unmet clinical need. These could be diseases or another need that the technology could be applied to, eg better diagnostics. Dependent on the technology, a specific disease (eg cystic fibrosis or a broad disease class (eg solid tumors) could be chosen.
(ii)
Explanation of disease aetiology, including appropriate molecular detail eg gene names.
(iii)
Explanation of disease progression and consequences, with statistics where relevant.
(iv)
Discussion of epidemiology in UK and internationally, with indication of disease burden and scale of clinical need, and statistics where relevant.
(v)
Explanation of current therapeutic approaches and discussion of their limitations. Depending on the disease, these could vary from no current curative treatment to a range of good therapies that could still be improved due to unpleasant side effects or poor compliance.
(B)
Describe how distinct technologies within your chosen technology area could be used to address these needs.
Clear explanation of how approaches from within the technology area could be applied to each unmet clinical need. For a 2:1 or above, students should cover distinct approaches for each clinical need (eg siRNA and CRISPR, or microneedles and 3D printing). The following points should be addressed:
Explanation of how the technology works. This should include a clear and accurate summary of how this specific technological approach would be used to treat this specific clinical need, with appropriate mechanistic detail, but
(i)
should be concise and focused on the topic being addressed.
(ii)
Explain any variables in how this approach could be applied to this clinical need, for example delivery method or specific design choices (eg ASO modification), and which of these variables is most suitable/promising, with rationale for this choice. If several approaches are promising you can summarise this and explain why.
(iii)
Give an accurate overview of clinical research and development to date.
Depending on the level of research this does not need to cover everything that fias been done, but should summarise the main approaches taken, the stage of development (eg pre-clinical, or specific clinical trial stage) and give an accurate overview of how successful this approach has been in research to date, with statistics if appropriate.
(C)
Describe the barriers to clinical adoption of your chosen technology for each of these needs.
Balanced and critical overview of the likelihood of each of the chosen technological approaches becoming a useful approach to each clinical need in future. Exactly what is covered here will be very individual to the topic, and students should use their judgment to discuss the barriers that are relevant to the specific topics they have covered. As a general guideline, this answer should include:
(I)
Consideration of any relevant barriers to your approach being used in clinical practice. These may include the practicalities of development and production, delivery, efficacy, cost, ethics, as possible examples, but the relevant barriers will be very specific to an individual approach. Discussion of generic barriers that are not relevant to this particular application will be marked down.
(ii)
Discussion of any alternative approaches to the clinical keed that are also undergoing research or development and how these may influence the adoption of your chosen technological approach, where relevant.

For this assignment you will begin by conducting research on the neurochemical effects of psychoactive substances. You will also apply this research to a specific drug or drug class, so it will be helpful to consider this choice before beginning your research. Start with the information from your textbook and then find at least two other scholarly sources (three total) on the following: The neurotransmission process
A full description of what the process is, beginning with the presynaptic neuron and through to the receiving neuron. Also, discuss options for reuptake or remaining in the synapse. How substance use changes neurotransmitters
Specific brain regions affected by use of various substances
Then, in a 3-page expository essay:
Break down the findings of your research for how substance use changes neurotransmitters, the neurotransmission process and specific brain regions affected by the use of various substances. Include a specific explanation for each of these three areas individually. Next choose one specific drug or drug class and identify your choice.
Explain the specific neurotransmitter changes caused by your chosen substance and the consequences of these changes.
Explain which brain regions are affected by use of this substance and the consequences.
Your assignment should be a 3–page expository essay, not including the title and reference pages, and should include the following elements:
Title page: Provide your name, title of assignment, course and section number, and date.
Body: Answer all the questions in complete sentences and paragraphs.
Your responses should reflect professional writing standards, using proper tone and language. The writing and writing style should be correct and accurate, and reflect knowledge of skills and practice in the human service profession.
Reference page: Sources listed in APA format.
Include a minimum of three scholarly or academic sources to support your responses and conclusions.
Use Arial or Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spaced and left aligned.
Use standard 1″ margins on all sides.
Use APA formatting and citation style.

Please make sure to answer all the following questions and to give examples. Cero plagiarism please.
Bronchodilators are commonly used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases COPD, such as bronchial asthma. They can be given orally, parenterally, or by inhalation. Which route of administration is preferred? What are the different inhalation techniques? Explain by giving some examples.

-A public information
article on “Efficiency of thyroxine in management of hypothyroidism” to develop effective communication with my future patients and colleagues in the workplace. 
-Word limit- 500
max ( in-text citations are included in the word
count)
-Reference style- up to the writer, any
-Use lay language 
-include a link to the popular media that
attracted you to the topic. using the appropriate reference format AND
incorporate one relevant image into the article that can be understood by
the public (ensure that
you include a short caption and have
appropriately cited this image).