Category: Philosophy

Make sure to structure this paper with an into/summary of views/argument/objection/response to objection/conclusion; make sure at least 40% or so of the paper is argument and responding to the objection. 
My main argument is that Behaviorism is better than cognitive psycology make sure to use Skinner (the pdf) to explain part of my reason to why I align with his ideology better. Also make sure to defend my argument and consider what the other side would say!

I have wrote 4 pages paper about the following topic: You might consider Benedict in light of Rachels’s argument that there is less moral disagreement than it seems (Rachels, 5-6), or Rachels’s argument that all cultures must have some values in common (Rachels, 7), or some other argument for moral objectivism from Rachels, King, or Aquinas. Who makes the stronger case, and why?
My professor got back to me and put some notes in my paper. I will be attaching the pdf that he gave my where you can find both my paper and his comments. Some of the comments are just about non-proper citations. I will attach the article that I used so that you can cite properly. My professor want the citations to be in the following way: (name of the author, page number where you took the information from). Therefore, I would like to correct for all the remarks that my professor gave me and also add information that you find relevant from the articles so that to enhance the quality of my essay.

Building on the kind of work you did on the midterm essay, this final essay asks you to analyze not a single argument, but to stage a debate. In other words, having tried your hand at rigorously analyzing one position on a particular issue or question, I’m now asking you to consider how two philosophers might engage in a debate on an issue they both address.
As in the midterm, I want you to focus on getting the arguments you’re covering right.
Again, I want you to focus on exegesis: identifying motivations for and significance of a topic, understanding the thesis being offered, and analyzing the argument offered in support of that thesis. For each perspective, I want you to focus on a specific text, rather than trying to summarize the philosopher’s view on the issue across all of their work.
In this assignment I want you to go further, however, by not just offering two different perspectives on a philosophical issue. I want you to offer some sense of reflection on the differing positions.
Some examples of how you might intelligently reflect on an issue where there is a disagreement:
1. What are the similarities in the approaches to the issue? What are the differences? What might be an insightful way to think about these differences and similarities when it comes to thinking about the issue at stake?
2. Are they two schools of thought at least focusing on the same aspects of the issue at stake, or are they focusing on different aspects of an issue in order to make their claims?
3. Do you think it’s possible for a conversation to take place between the two schools of thought, and, if so, what might they have to say to one another?
4. If the focus of each philosopher differs from the other, does one seem more productive to getting to an answer? If so, why?
5. Does the language or terms used by the debating schools seem consistent? If so, what might that tell us about how the ancients dealt with this issue? If not, what might the shift in language signify?
6. Might we understand the disagreement between the two schools/thinkers because of broader differences in their philosophical outlooks on other important issues? If so, how?
7. Is there something that’s missing from both accounts that seems crucial to you? And if so, why do you think it might have been left out?
8. Does one of the sides seem more persuasive to you? If so, how would you articulate this philosophically?
The paper should be written in 12-point Times New Roman font or equivalent (one that has the same dimensions, takes up the same space as TNR), double-spaced, with one inch margins all around. The template offered in our classes is meant to guide you through that process, but I am open to different ways of dissecting and analyzing an argument if you would prefer. The assignment’s ultimate purpose is, again, to assess your engagement with the ideas of the course, as well as your writing skills.
Review of requirements
1. 8-10 double spaced pages in TNR 12-size font with one-inch margins all around.
2. Choice of single claim for each philosopher and its meaning or significance in philosophical text covered.
3. Exegesis of the argument made in favor of said claim, including different ‘steps’, for each text covered.
4. Intelligent reflection on the debate of choice.
5. Adequate use of textual support. (Use quotations to justify your interpretation), and cite them fully and properly.
6. Writing in clear, straightforward English.
Grading Rubric
Format
For full credit: paper follows guidelines laid out in item #1 above exactly. (8 full pages at least, right font, right margins, double-spaced, etc.)
Proper organization
Sequence of ideas is logically ordered and flows naturally, sections and paragraphs are well organized, paper has a strong introduction, a strong conclusion, and a sensible body section.
Clarity
For full credit: paper is written in unburden some language that is clear, concise, and specific. Language helps the reader grasp the philosophical issues in simple and accessible terms. No unnecessary tangents happen.
Choice of Theses
For full credit: student shows understanding of the respective theses, and of their significance and implications for philosophers and everyone else.
Analysis of Argumentative Structures
For full credit: student provides a correct reconstruction of the chain of reasoning that the philosopher offered in support of their claim, or through which the claim becomes evident. In cases where linear arguments are not offered, the coherence of reasons given is explained. Student points out any possible logical flaws in the argumentation.
Reflective Comparison
For full credit: student provides a meaningful response to the debate that they’ve reconstructed. The response demonstrates that they’ve really understood the stakes of the debate and the two positions discussed. It also shows that the student has taken the time to really reflect on these issues in a philosophically sophisticated way.
Use of Textual Support
For full credit: Student uses quotations to support their interpretation of what claim is being made and of how the argument unfolds. Each quotation is properly elaborated and interpreted in a way that advances the interpretation of the philosopher’s main claim and supporting argument. References are properly formatted.

For this essay, choose one of these prompts:
1) Engaging thoughtfully with multiple relevant readings, consider the ethics of factory farming and/or of using animals for food more generally. You should argue for a positive thesis — but one that is grounded in philosophical argument, not merely in personal thoughts/feelings. You should consider one serious objection to your position and engage with it thoughtfully and fairly. 2) Consider the various views about the moral standing of animals that we’ve covered. Engaging carefully with the relevant readings, argue for one of these views and consider one serious objection to it. For whichever one, please fully explain everything and constantly reference the book. I will send notes and can send pages from the textbooks too if needed for reference. The textbooks that we have done readings from are: (1) Environmental Ethics: An Anthology, ed. by Andrew Light and Holmes Rolston III, 1st edition. and (2) The Animal Ethics Reader, ed. by Susan J. Armstrong and Richard G. Botzler, 3rd edition. Please cite these with references and flesh out an amazing essay! Also please cite them so that I can go through and check. Thank you so much! Let me know if there are any questions! Also, please don’t cite any outside sources. Just from the books!! Thank you!

This assignment will be submitted to Turnitin™.
Instructions
PHIL 100 Final Essay Assignment
The Final Essay in this course will give you the opportunity to explore and compare ideas, concepts, and philosophies from the different philosophical traditions that you have been introduced to in the course.
I. Purpose of the Final Essay Assignment:
To give you experience synthesizing and integrating what you have learned in the course into a coherent written essay.
To give you experience analyzing and comparing philosophical ideas from different philosophical traditions
II. Technical Requirements of the Final Essay Assignment
1,250 -1,500 words (5-6 double spaced pages)
Word Cited (1-2 double spaced pages)
Microsoft .docx (not .pdf or .pages)
12 pt. Times New Roman Font, Double Spaced, 1” left and right margins
Works Cited must be in MLA format:
MLA Citation Examples: General Rules
Cite only the required readings, philosophical texts, linked articles and videos in the course. Do not cite external websites or videos that you “googled” and that do not appear in the course! 
III. Subject of the Final Essay Assignment
Compare and contrast two (or more) philosophical texts and authors from different traditions in the same philosophical subject.
Example A: Compare ideas in Dharmaraja Adhvarindra, Vedanta-Paribhasa (W2.P2.3) with John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (W2.P2.6) on a topic in Epistemology.(Week 2)
Example B: Compare ideas in Han Fei Tzu, Sayings of Han Fei Tzu (W6.P2.5) with Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince (W6.P2.6) on a topic in Political Philosophy (Week 6)
IV. Structure of the Final Essay Assignment
Structure your final essay as an expository essay. The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires you to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. A typical expository essay will have six sections of at least one paragraph each.
An introductory paragraph
Three evidentiary body paragraphs
A counterargument paragraph
A conclusion paragraph
The expository essay has the following components:
1. A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.
Since your essay will have a comparison/contrast focus, your thesis statement should state the central aim of your essay as some kind of comparison or contrast.
Example A: Gautama Buddha’s First Sermon reflects the eastern focus on human suffering while Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics reflects the western focus on human value.
Example B: Aristotle’s Virtue Theory is superior to Confucian Virtue Theory.
2. Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
The reader needs to be able to follow the comparison argument you state in your thesis from start to finish.
3. Body paragraphs that include evidential support.
Each paragraph of your essay should be limited to the exposition of one general idea. This will allow for clarity and direction throughout the essay. What is more, such conciseness creates an ease of readability for one’s audience. It is important to note that each paragraph in the body of the essay must have some logical connection to the thesis statement in the opening paragraph.
Evidential support:
Use direct quotes of no more than a sentence in length from the philosophical texts you are expounding as evidential support for your thesis. Explain how these quotes are evidence for your thesis in the body paragraphs.
4. Address counterarguments to your thesis.
Devote at least one paragraph to a fair and honest counterargument to your thesis. [Beware of the Strawman Fallacy].
5. A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
V. Grading of the Final Essay Assignment
Your Final Essay Assignment will be graded as follows
Knowledge of Philosophical Subject/Texts/Authors: You are expected to demonstrate knowledge of the philosophical subject you are writing about, i.e., metaphysics, epistemology, political philosophy, ethics, and knowledge of the philosophical texts/authors you are comparing that are the subject of your essay.
Thesis Statement: You are expected to craft a clear and concise thesis statement that appears in the introductory paragraph of your essay.
Essay Structure: You are expected to organize your essay into introduction, body, counterargument and conclusion sections/paragraphs. You are expected to provide clear and logical transitions between the sections of your essay that will allow the reader to easily follow the logic of your thesis.
Body and Evidence: You are expected to provide direct quotes from the philosophical texts as evidence for your thesis, and to explain these quotes in the body of your essay.
Counterargument and Conclusion: You are expected to devote at least one paragraph to a fair and honest counterargument to your thesis, and to conclude your essay by readdressing your thesis in light of the evidence provided.
PHIL 100 Final Essay Grading Rubric
Excellent
Good
Needs Improvement
Percent
Knowledge of Philosophical Subject/Texts/Authors:
Essay demonstrates excellent knowledge of philosophical subject/texts/authors
Essay demonstrates good to satisfactory knowledge of philosophical subject/texts/authors
Essay demonstrates no to unsatisfactory knowledge of philosophical subject/texts/authors
30% (63 points)
Thesis Statement
Thesis statement is concise and clear and stated in introductory paragraph; exceeds expectations
Thesis statement is concise and clear and stated in introductory paragraph; meets expectations
Thesis Statement is not present, not clear or does not meet expectations.
10% (21 points)
Essay Structure
Essay is organized to allow the reader comprehension of the author’s logic; transitions present. Exceeds expectations.
Essay is organized to allow the reader comprehension of the author’s logic; transitions may or may not be present. Meets expectations.
Essay is disorganized; unable to follow author’s logic; transitions not present
15% (32 points)
Body and Evidence:
Body paragraphs provide sufficient evidence to support thesis statement. Direct quotes present
Body paragraphs provide some evidence to support thesis statement. Direct quotes present. Meets expectations.
Body paragraphs do not provide sufficient evidence to support thesis statement; direct quotes not present.
25% (52 points)
Counterargument and Conclusion:
Counterargument paragraph is present and fair; conclusion is present; exceeds expectations.
Counterargument paragraph is present ; some elements may be missing or underdeveloped; meets expectations.
Counterargument paragraph is not present, not fair (strawman); conclusion is not present; does not meet expectations.
20% (42 points)

The year is 2050 and humans have begun to occupy Mars. You are part of a panel of experts who will advise the pioneers on what economic principles this new society should be founded on in order to achieve the three goals you are tasked with, which include: 
1. Access to diverse goods and services in the marketplace
2. Wealth and economic opportunity are spread among the greatest amount of people as possible 
3. Innovation, creativity and the entrepreneurial spirit are all fostered 
In approximately 1-2 pages and drawing upon lessons learned in this class and When We Are Free, prepare a speech to the panel describing your recommendations for how best to achieve these goals.  (Note: I am not seeking your personal opinion; rather, this should be a reflection of the values we’ve learned in this class).
Some topics to consider: overarching economic system (socialism, communism, capitalism, etc.) tax policies, regulatory burdens, system of government, etc.) You are not required to cover each of these topics. Rather, your goal is to make a persuasive argument that shows your understanding of course material. 
Supporting your decision with evidence from your readings is worth 15 points of your grade. Please refer to the syllabus for your grading rubric.
Your paper needs to be professionally written, free of grammar and spelling errors, and your original work.  Any references should be included in the same way you would in a real speech (I.e. “in the words of Davy Crockett”).  A references cited page is not necessary. 12 point font double spaced is preferred. 
Your speech is due by Sunday 5/12 at 11:59 p.m.
Textbook: 
When We Are Free by Matcheck/Nash, 6th Edition, 978-0873590969

Single text/film analysis: 2-3 pp, dbl-sp, 12-pt font, 1” marg., 6 pts, ≯ 5 
every single essay should focus on a particular attached text study and aim to articulate its significance. The goal for the essay is exegetical and interpretative, identifying the essential elements of a theory and/or
film and presenting its significance clearly and succinctly. 
film analysis on your own choice from:
– La Petite Jérusalem (2005) Karin Albou
– Little Miss Sunshine (2006) Valerie Faris
& Jonathan Dayton
– Life of Pi (2012) Ang Lee
– Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)
Daniels Kwan & Scheinert
– The Matrix (1999) Lily & Lana
Wachowski 
– Toy Story (1995) John Lasseter

Please refer to the requirement. No need look for outside sources. Just review the powerpoint slides and material I provided. Please dont focus on the divergence problem. Focus on the essay prompt. I have also provided my solution but not sure whether is right but something like this.