Category: Psychology

This paper is going to be about the drug Methamphetamine and how ties into the brain receptors and neurotransmitters, the deadline is due by tonight at 11;59 it can be 4 pages but no more than 8, please help me with this it will be greatly appreciated, he did not specify how many sources to use so fillf ree to add as many as you want but 4 minimum  Please also provide proof from turnitin.com that there is no plagiarism or material from Ai, I will list my professors expectations down below
Part 2: What is the goal of the paper?
Your goal with this paper is to explain the symptoms of the drug in terms of the biological issues that are occurring. This basically means that you will be linking the symptom to a neurotransmitter or brain area (or both). You will need to be specific. Is the symptom linked to overactivity in the brain area or underactivity? Is it linked to too much of that neurotransmitter or not enough. EVERY symptom that you mention about the drug MUST be explained and linked to something biological. 
You are also welcome to include information about treatments for addiction to the drug. Focus on the biological treatments (mostly medications, but there are other possibilities) and how they work in the brain as well. Connect them to brain areas and neurotransmitters too. If you list ten different medications that are used for the addiction, make sure you explain how each one biologically works and what the differences between them are. 
Part 3: Some details about the requirements of the assignment
The end product should be no less than 4 pages in text length and no more than 8 pages, double spaced, in 12 pt font (times new roman or something similar). At the top of your paper, put your name and the name of the disorder you wrote about. Other than that, just have text for your writing (no pictures or charts). 
For sources, you can use scientific articles or websites. However, your paper should have, at minimum, five sources, two of which are scientific articles. Please cite your articles internally and on a works cited page in APA format.
How to write the paper
My recommendation is to start by taking notes on your sources. Then, write the paper based off your notes- when you are writing your paper, do NOT go back and look at your sources. Doing that will make you more likely to accidentally plagiarize.
When writing a scientific paper, it is best to avoid words like you, me, I, we, our, us, let’s, your… (and any others I am missing). Instead, stick to straightforward information about the facts of what the disorder is. There should be no quotes in the paper. You should be summarizing the source in your own words. If you stick to the “taking notes” idea discussed two paragraphs ago, you should be ok for summarizing and not plagiarizing.
Citations
You will still need to cite things internally. First, you are citing the information, not the words (remember no quotes!). To cite the information in the paper, use the following format:
(author’s last name, year of publication)
If you don’t have the year of publication, just include the author’s last name. If you have more than one author, just including the first author is fine.
References
For your references, please use this format:
Journal Article:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C. & Author, D. D. (Year published). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), first-last page numbers. doi when available

Hello, I ordered a PowerPoint presentation with two pages of speaker notes. Please elaborate on the content of the slides as much as possible within the speaker notes because I will have to present this in front of my class. Also, I will return the final product back as many times as I need to if you send me a horrible product. I will return the final product back if you do not follow the instructions. I will ask for a different writer if I have to continuously send the final product back, so please follow all instructions.

Children’s outcomes as adults are dependent upon various factors and their implications throughout life. The Biopsychosocial framework is a unique combination of factors that influences how an individual experiences life. There are four specific interactive forces: Biological, Psychological, Sociocultural, and Life cycle. Identify and discuss the implications of each specific force with examples that will influence the developmental process. Discuss how the framework will provide insight into recurring issues of development. 
Referring to the given Links to an external site. and any other reliable website along with an outside scholarly source complete your research for the assignment. Create your response in a word document with a minimum of 500-750 words.When writing the paper make sure most of the paper is your own thoughts. That means that all citations, references and title do not count as your own words. The SafeAssign should be under 20% of the paper. This lets me know that 80% of the paper is your own thoughts. 
References:
https://futureofchildren.princeton.edu/

Single Case Research Design (SCRD) Poster Presentation
This assignment will assess important skills as an Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Scientist-Practitioner. First, you will design an evidence-based research study as it applies to a problem behavior for a client using a provided scenario. Then, you will create a poster presentation of your completed study. Begin by conducting research and finding at least three peer-reviewed academic sources that provide an evidence-based analysis of the specific intervention that will be used to support the target behavior that you will focus on for your client. Then, use the Unit 9 Assignment Template link to build your poster presentation. The poster presentation must include the following. • Study Title
o Provide a title for your study that reflects the dependent/independent variables and the subjects. For example: Use of Non-Contingent Reinforcement on the Perpetual Squawking of a Parrot with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.
• Introduction
o Provide a rationale as to why you chose this study, based on the literature that you reviewed. What makes your study a unique contribution to the field?
o Include your research statement phrased as: “The purpose of this study is to….”
 Be sure that it is clear as to what your study is looking to investigate or prove, and that both the independent and dependent variables in your research statement.
• Methods/Materials
o Include information on the participant(s), setting(s), materials, dependent variable, and procedures used in your study. Be sure to identify the research design you selected.
• Results
o Include a graphical representation of the data (hypothetical for the case study or actual if you are using a client) that meets ABA conventions for the selected graph(s).
 Do NOT copy and paste any data or graphs from alternate sources.
o Provide a brief summary of the results.
• Discussion
o Summarize the effectiveness and discuss the limitations of your study.
 Consider the pros and cons of the research design, the number of participants, the lack of generality, etc.
The Scenario you will use: Raymond is a 34-year-old man who wants to quit smoking. He has smoked a pack a day for the past 20 years but fears that continued smoking will have negative impacts on his health. Raymond is not sure that he can quit “cold-turkey” and has come to you to help him to establish a behavioral plan for quitting smoking. He has previously tried hypnosis, using a nicotine patch, and medications prescribed by his doctor, but nothing seems to be working for him to sustain a cigarette free existence. He is hoping that you can provide a more permanent solution to changing his habitual smoking behavior. For this scenario, plan a single case research study that will demonstrate whether your intervention is successful in addressing Raymond’s desire to quit smoking
In addition to the Poster Presentation, you will submit a 5-page essay summary, not including title page or annotated references, to further discuss the SCRD that you designed. Your original essay will be in APA formatting 7th ed. and include the following:
● Rationale of why the chosen design is appropriate for the study.
● Assessment of the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the chosen research design.
● Discussion of reliability and validity of the measurement.
● A graphical representation of the hypothetical data used for the study (do not copy open-source data, use as guide), followed by a visual analysis of data to include:
• A summary of the within and between condition effects of the research design.
• A comparison of level, trend, and immediacy of effect.
• Calculations that identify variability or stability of data within a condition.
• A discussion of the split middle line of progress to determine trend and the Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND).
● Annotated Bibliography: Sources listed in APA format within an Annotated Bibliography of the three articles. Include a brief descriiption of the research question(s) and hypothesis as well as the method, setting, subjects, and research design used. Be sure your annotated bibliograph provides a summary of the results and the conclusions as reported by the author(s) of the study.

In the last few years, Airbnb has become an increasingly popular option for   travelers and homeowners. For those not familiar with the business model,  Airbnb is a company that, for a fee, matches up short term renters with        property owners. 
On the website, prospective customers can look at homes or apartments in a particular area, see the terms and amenities and contract for a particular amount of time, usually a few days or weeks. Home or apartment owners     can screen prospective renters and set particular terms for the rental. In the last year, certain cities and/or areas have banned these transactions and   claim that the Airbnb hosts are in actuality running “illegal hotels” not            subject to the usual hotel health and safety regulations. Home owners are   countering that they have the right to rent out the property they own.
How do you think the various theorists (utilitarian, libertarian, Rawls) would   view this ban? Remember, your discussion is on the ethics of the law. Please discuss the different theories specifically.
Remember that your focus should be on how the ethical theories studied in module two can be applied to this situation. While personal feelings are understandable, you will want to make sure those personal feelings are explained, supported and justified in reference to an objective standard (one of the theories).
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/22/uber-airbnb-convenience-liberals-pew-survey

Week 5 Discussion
Prompt:
This week you will be challenged to put the knowledge you’ve acquired through the readings about mandated reporting to practice. For this assignment, you will search the internet for a video /documentary/movie of an abuse case. You will have the creative freedom to choose a video that depicts any type of abuse that therapists/counselors are mandated to report (remember that not all abuse is reportable). After you find this video, you will follow the steps outlined below to complete your main post.
Steps
Write a brief overview of the video you watched.
Imagine you are the therapist assigned to this case and that the client has come to session and told you the story you saw in the video of the abuse.
Describe what triggered your obligation to report the abuse.
Outline the steps you see yourself taking to assess for abuse, report it, manage the situation with your client(s), provide resources, safety planning, etc.
Fill out the appropriate report template you would use to make the report (CPS/APS) specific to the state you hope to become licensed in and attach it to your main post so others can see it. You will not be able to save the pdf, but you can take a screenshot or “snip” of the report. Please make sure that after you write the name of the victim, you write FICTIONAL REPORT. Do not add real phone numbers and addresses. In these spaces you can simply put an “X”. 
Write a reflection of how you experienced this process and what you found to be the most challenging aspects of it as well as insight you gained about personal biases, triggers, assumptions, etc.
Paste the link of your video for reference.

Welcome to the cooking challenge! Your assignment today is to make a cuisine (recipe/dish) from a piece of a brain and describe what properties it will give the zombie who eats it! NOTE: Cannibalism is NOT encouraged, and this is supposed to be a silly creative assignment and in no way condoning feeding zombies.
Step 1: Understand parts of the brain or nervous system from reading your chapter this module.
Step 2: As we know all parts of the brain and nervous system have specifications and “jobs.” Imagine that eating that part of the brain would give that quality in a heightened way to the zombie who ate it. Pick a part of the brain to build a creative recipe/dish out of and describe it. Through this assignment, you will demonstrate that you understand that the brain/nervous system has particular structures with particular specifications.
Step 3: Create a single slide in Power Point to advertise/explain your recipe/dish. With any luck, I will post a “recipe” book of our slides from this semester for people to enjoy/be amused by. Submit your single Power Point slide with your cuisine to this assignment. Creativity and accuracy are part of the grade.

What is the difference between a psychiatric illness and a character flaw?
Introduction
Thesis: Character flaws and psychiatric illnesses are distinct concepts belonging to different domains and evolving separately.
Character flaws
Aristotle claims that character develops over time as one acquires habits from parents and community, first through reward and punishment. Character is perceived as not predetermined, it depends on free will. Character features have traditionally been considered to have social, environmental and not biological origin. A character flaw is a negative personality trait or a persistent pattern of behavior that is generally considered undesirable or harmful. Since character flaws are rooted in the environment, their perception will change as the result of the changing society. 
Due to change in perception towards better understanding the causes of behaviors (environment, upbringing) and ability to change, the perception of character flaws becomes more nuanced and compassionate:
From Blame to Understanding: (How has the perception of character flaws recently shifted from blame to understanding? 
Character flaws viewed as situational, not inherent traits. Shift from blame to understanding through situational explanations.Skepticism about Character Traits (Harman)
The attribution process for negative events involves making causal inferences based on internal, external, and societal factors, with societal blame associating circumstances with societal issues rather than individual traits. The observer’s tendency to overemphasize internal attributions due to the fundamental attribution error leads to societal blame being crucial in understanding blame for negative events, as explained in the research paper: 
The fundamental attribution error results in observers overestimating internal (personality) causes of behavior and underestimating external (situational) constraints on behavior. This bias in person-perception leads to attributions that are predominantly internal, especially in the case of negative events like HIV/AIDS. Societal blame becomes crucial in understanding blame for negative events because it shifts the focus from individual traits to broader societal factors like discrimination or lack of resources. By considering societal blame, the attribution process becomes more nuanced, acknowledging the impact of external factors on events and behaviors, thus providing a more comprehensive understanding of blame for negative events. Understanding Blame and Burnout in HIV/AIDS: Recommendations for Effective Practice (Speakes-Lewis)
Perception of character flaws shifted from blame to understanding. Blame associated with privileged background and choice mindset.Interpersonal BlaShirley Matile Ogletreeme and Perceptions of Choice | Psychological Studies (Ogletree et al.)
Situationism – Situationists believe that thoughts, feelings, dispositions, and past experiences and behaviors do not determine what someone will do in a given situation, rather, the situation itself does. It has been used as the explanation for the famous social psychology studies: Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment (Zimbardo et al.);  bystander effect (Faul); obedience study, the Milgram experiment (“Milgram experiment”)
Focus on Growth and Change: 
The concept of a “growth mindset” (Dweck) emphasizes the belief in one’s ability to change. This encourages viewing flaws as opportunities to learn and improve. 
Volitional change studies suggest that people may be able to change their self-reported personality traits through volitional means.Can people choose to change their personality traits? (Hudson and Fraley)
Personality traits do not become fixed at a certain age in adulthood and retain the possibility of change even into old age Personality Development Across the Life Course:The Argument for Change and Continuity (Caspi)
Less stigmatization Character flaws and personality disorders differ in terms of stigmatization. Personality disorders are associated with higher levels of stigmatization than character flaws[1]. People with personality disorders may be perceived as purposefully misbehaving rather than experiencing an illness, leading to increased stigma[2]. Stigma towards personality disorders is influenced by public knowledge, health provider attitudes, and the portrayal in the media[3] [4]. On the other hand, character flaws are often seen as individual shortcomings rather than medical conditions, resulting in less stigmatization compared to personality disorders[5]. The media’s negative portrayal of personality disorders contributes to increased stigma, affecting how individuals perceive themselves and are treated by others.
– Personality disorders are often stigmatized with language of violence in the media. Character flaws may not lead to the same level of stigmatization. Stigma: A linguistic analysis of personality disorder in the UK popular press, 2008-2017. (Bowen)
The Spectrum of Flaws: We’re moving away from seeing flaws as strictly good or bad. Many exist on a spectrum. For instance, shyness might be a manageable quirk in some settings but social anxiety needing help in others. 
Positive psychology reframes character flaws as imbalances in the use of character strengths, emphasizing that overuse and underuse of strengths can lead to suboptimal outcomes like less flourishing, lower life satisfaction, and greater depression [1]. By viewing character flaws through the lens of strengths overuse and underuse, individuals can recognize that these imbalances are not inherent deficiencies but rather misalignments in utilizing their strengths effectively in different situations [2]. Understanding character flaws as imbalances in strengths usage shifts the focus from a deficit-based approach to a more strengths-based perspective, offering opportunities for growth, self-awareness, and skill development in managing strengths for optimal outcomes [3].Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths (Niemiec)
Psychiatric illness
On the other hand, a psychiatric illness (or mental illness) is perceived as predetermined. It is a diagnosable medical condition. It is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Psychiatric illness is rooted in the realm of medical science, which has recently shifted towards biomedicine. 
This shift towards a biological approach in understanding and treatment of psychiatric illnesses has resulted in a number of changes in perception and hope for a successful treatment. Even expert mental health clinicians make strong distinctions between psychological and biological phenomena Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders – PMC (Ahn et al.)
destigmatization – Genetic explanations reduce blame, destigmatize mental disorders. The Implications of Genetic and Other Biological Explanations for Thinking about Mental Disorders. (Lebowitz) Americans who attribute mental health problems to structural causes (e.g., stress or genetic/biological causes) are more willing to interact with the vignette person than those who see individual causes (e.g., “bad character” or the “way the person was raised”) as the root of the problem. Of Fear and Loathing: The Role of ‘Disturbing Behavior,’ Labels, and Causal Attributions in Shaping Public Attitudes toward People with Mental Illness (Martin et al.)
increased readiness for help seeking Biogenetic concept linked to positive attitude towards help-seeking. Influence of Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorders on Stigma and Help-Seeking Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Baek)
reduced belief in recovery -Biomedical perspective may reduce belief in improvement of mental disorders. The Implications of Genetic and Other Biological Explanations for Thinking about Mental Disorders. (Lebowitz)
increase dangerousness of mental illnesses and being untreatable Influence of Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorders on Stigma and Help-Seeking Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Baek)
patients feel powerless –  Misleading messages in biological psychiatry, emphasizing brain diseases cured by medications, can contribute to patients feeling powerless and overshadowing effective psychotherapeutic and social approaches .Biogenetic explanations of mental disorders can lead to increased levels of perceived dangerousness and prognostic pessimism, contributing to feelings of powerlessness among patients . Social explanations may offer more hope for the patients and make them feel more empowered. The Power of Perception: Lived Experiences with Diagnostic Labeling in Mental Health Recovery without Ongoing Medication Use (Eads et al.)
limitation: biopsychosocial model still exists resulting in treatment diversity, holistic care, better understanding of mental health determinants
limitation: the public still sees mental illness as influenced by social roots – requires professionals to adjust to this perception in how they relate to patients. Contemporary public perceptions of psychiatry: some problems for mental health professions (Dixon and Richter) 
Counterargument: Blurred Lines
However, as medicine is advancing, some behaviors considered character flaws are gradually turning into psychiatric illness. It is a change from the perception of volitional to the predetermined. This blurring of lines between the two concepts has a number of consequences. 
First, mental health awareness efforts are leading to more accurate reporting of previously under-recognised symptoms, a beneficial outcome. Second, and more problematically, awareness efforts are leading some individuals to interpret and report milder forms of distress as mental health problems. This then leads some individuals to experience a genuine increase in symptoms, because labeling distress as a mental health problem can affect an individual’s self-concept and behavior in a way that is ultimately self-fulfilling. (PDF) Are mental health awareness efforts contributing to the rise in reported mental health problems? A call to test the prevalence inflation hypothesis (Foulkes and Andrews)
The example of ADHD: 
ADHD was first considered a defect of moral control, then a result of brain damage. Further research revealed its basis in the brain, and a genetic link between family members. Today, we still don’t know the exact causes of ADHD, but studies suggest three main factors: genetics, environmental factors, or a disruption of development – like a brain injury.
As we know more about ADHD, it is growing in awareness and at the same time becoming medicalized – its perception is changing from a character flaw to a psychiatric illness. Increasing awareness of ADHD, as discussed in “Delivered From Distraction: Eliminating Childhood Attention Deficit Disorder” (2005) by Edward M. Hallowell (Hallowell and Ratey #), has blurred the lines between character flaws and symptoms. Difficulty focusing, traditionally seen as a flaw, might indicate an underlying condition like ADHD that requires professional intervention. The medicalization of ADHD, while offering significant benefits like improved diagnosis and treatment, also presents potential risks and limitations:
Overdiagnosis and Overmedication:  The increasing recognition of ADHD has led to concerns about potential overdiagnosis, particularly in children. This can lead to unnecessary medication use, exposing individuals to potential side effects without providing clear benefits. 
ADHD is being portrayed as a medical condition, eliminating the social context from the behavior and making it strictly biological.  ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
On the other hand this blurring may result in a misunderstanding of ADHD symptoms as intentional character flaws rather than manifestations of a neurodevelopmental disorder, potentially hindering appropriate support and treatment for affected individuals.The Relationship of Personality with ADHD and it Symptom Domains: A Meta-Analytic Review (Gomez and Corr)
Impact on Assessment and Diagnosis: The confusion between character flaws and mental illness could affect the accurate assessment and diagnosis of ADHD, leading to underrecognition or misdiagnosis of the condition: 
Symptoms being misattributed to personality traits rather than a neurodevelopmental disorder; 
Healthcare professionals may misinterpret ADHD diagnostic criteria as character flaws, overlooking the clinical significance of symptoms;
If symptoms are perceived as character flaws, healthcare providers may not conduct thorough assessments; 
Stigmatization and bias associated with character flaws may influence healthcare professionals’ judgment, leading to a reluctance to consider ADHD as a valid explanation for behavioral patterns;
Misdiagnosis or underrecognition can delay appropriate interventions and support, impacting the individual’s quality of life and potentially exacerbating symptoms over time. 
On the other hand if ADHD symptoms are misconstrued as character flaws, individuals may not receive the necessary interventions and accommodations tailored to managing their specific mental health needs, impacting their overall well-being and functioning.The Relationship of Personality with ADHD and it Symptom Domains: A Meta-Analytic Review (Gomez and Corr)
Impediment to Progress: Viewing ADHD symptoms as character flaws rather than a medical condition can impede progress in developing effective interventions and support systems for individuals with ADHD. Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention (Camp)
Labeling and Stigma: Receiving a diagnosis of ADHD can be stigmatizing, leading to negative self-perception and discrimination. The label can overshadow other aspects of an individual’s personality and abilities.
While awareness of  ADHD as a mental condition is growing, some behaviors may be more eagerly taken as concerning. This has good and bad consequences. In some cases they  may actually be symptoms of the disorder leading to starting treatment and perhaps improvement of the condition. On the other hand, it may result in overdiagnosis and overmedication and make the individual feel worse and stigmatized.
Children may internalize the reified (biological) narrative, affecting their self-perception and acceptance of questionable notions about their condition.  ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Blurring the lines between character flaws and mental illness in ADHD individuals may lead to increased stigma and discrimination, as individuals may be unfairly judged for behaviors that are actually symptoms of a mental health condition. The Relationship of Personality with ADHD and it Symptom Domains: A Meta-Analytic Review (Gomez and Corr)
Blurring the lines between character flaws and mental illness in ADHD can lead to increased stigma surrounding the disorder, making it harder for individuals to seek help and support Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention (Camp)
Negative Stereotyping: Individuals with ADHD may face negative stereotyping, being perceived as lazy, messy, or disobedient, which can impact their self-esteem and confidence.  Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention (Camp)
Impact on Treatment Adherence: The blurring of lines can affect treatment adherence as (“ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease”)individuals may resist seeking help due to the fear of being labeled or stigmatized. Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention (Camp)
Social Challenges: People with ADHD may experience challenges in social interactions and relationships due to misunderstandings about their behaviors, potentially leading to social isolation. Blurring the lines can contribute to decreased self-worth and self-esteem in individuals with ADHD, potentially leading to other mental health issues like depression and substance abuse Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention (Camp)
Narrowing of Focus: Medicalization tends to focus on biological factors and pharmacological interventions, potentially overlooking the importance of environmental, social, and psychological contributors to ADHD. This can limit the scope of treatment and support options.
Misguided Treatment Approaches: Reification of ADHD as a concrete disease entity may lead to misguided treatment approaches that focus solely on the perceived biological aspects of the condition  ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Ignoring Individuality: ADHD manifests differently in different people. The medical model may not fully capture the nuances of individual experiences and needs, leading to standardized treatment approaches that may not be effective for everyone.
Totalization of Being: The scientific discourse of ADHD can totalize being by reducing unique characteristics of children to a brain disorder, ignoring alternative explanations and diverse characteristics. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Misinterpretation of Individual Differences: Overstating genetic research and presenting small correlates concerning brain physiology as applicable to all individuals with ADHD can lead to a misinterpretation of individual differences, further contributing to stigma. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Neglecting Alternative Approaches:  The focus on medication can overshadow the potential benefits of alternative approaches like behavioral therapy, educational support, and lifestyle modifications, which can be effective for many individuals with ADHD.
The dominant, reifying, and medicalizing view of ADHD may influence how professionals and laypeople perceive the condition, thereby limiting the consideration of alternative approaches to treatment. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
By portraying ADHD as a disease entity using medical jargon and metaphors, alternative non-medical interventions may be overlooked, limiting the scope of treatment options. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.) 
Overstating genetic research results and omitting societal factors in discussions about ADHD can contribute to a narrow view of the condition, potentially hindering the exploration of alternative treatment modalities. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Shifting Responsibility: Medicalization can shift responsibility for managing ADHD from the individual and their environment to the healthcare system, potentially reducing the individual’s sense of agency and control over their condition.
Perpetuation of Stigmatization: Reification contributes to perpetuating stigma by portraying ADHD as a concrete disease entity through language choice, logical fallacies, genetic reductionism, and textual silence. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Institutional Reality Perception: Reification leads to ADHD being perceived as an objective reality, affecting how social institutions like schools respond to children. ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease (Meerman et al.)
Conclusion 
As we go along, and our knowledge is growing, character perception becomes more dependent on free will and perception of mental illness seems even more predetermined. Shifting perception of a behavior from a character flaw to a medical condition, like ADHD, provides patients with more chances for recovery but paradoxically it is perceived as less dependent on the patient by shifting responsibility from them and leaving them with limited options. This could make patients feel more depressed, discouraged and break their spirit, even if they are offered potentially a better cure. 
Bibliography
Ahn, Woo-kyoung, et al. “Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders – PMC.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2857376/.
Baek, Chang-Hyeon. “Influence of Biogenetic Explanations of Mental Disorders on Stigma and Help-Seeking Behavior: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9842491/.
Bowen, Matt. “Stigma: A linguistic analysis of personality disorder in the UK popular press, 2008-2017.” https://chesterrep.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10034/622367/PD%20Newspaper%20Language.pdf?sequence=4.
Camp, Allyson. “Understanding ADHD: Toward an Innovative Therapeutic Intervention.” https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/8/5/56.
Caspi, Avshalom. “Personality Development Across the Life Course:The Argument for Change and Continuity.” https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/S15327965PLI1202_01.
Dixon, Jeremy, and Dirk Richter. “Contemporary public perceptions of psychiatry: some problems for mental health professions.” https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dirk-Richter-5/publication/321765085_Contemporary_public_perceptions_of_psychiatry_some_problems_for_mental_health_professions/links/5a3400a445851532e82cabb6/Contemporary-public-perceptions-of-psychiatry-some-problems-f.
Dweck, Carol S. “A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality.” https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52379739/dweck1988-libre.pdf?1490866816=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DA_Social_Cognitive_Approach_to_Motivatio.pdf&Expires=1716403591&Signature=YVNJ1-o8PR4XFJjWTN9b8iEN~nZG8RNUiqANnMzC3lRUf1GwYIzi3.
Eads, Ray, et al. “The Power of Perception: Lived Experiences with Diagnostic Labeling in Mental Health Recovery without Ongoing Medication Use.” https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11126-020-09866-8.
Faul, Mark. “Bystander effect.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander_effect. Accessed 22 May 2024.
Foulkes, Lucy, and Jack L. Andrews. “Are mental health awareness efforts contributing to the rise in reported mental health problems? A call to test the prevalence inflation hypothesis.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368460404_Are_mental_health_awareness_efforts_contributing_to_the_rise_in_reported_mental_health_problems_A_call_to_test_the_prevalence_inflation_hypothesis.
Gomez, Rapson, and Philip J. Corr. “The Relationship of Personality with ADHD and it Symptom Domains: A Meta-Analytic Review.” https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/15859/3/Gomez%20%2526%20Corr%20%25282014%2529%20ADHD%20%2526%20Personality%20-%20CITY.pdf.
Harman, Gilbert. “Skepticism about Character Traits.” https://typeset.io/papers/skepticism-about-character-traits-587eo5g4vq.
Hudson, Nathan W., and R Chris Fraley. “Volitional personality trait change: Can people choose to change their personality traits?” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25822032/.
Lebowitz, Matthew S. “The Implications of Genetic and Other Biological Explanations for Thinking about Mental Disorders.” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8667266/.
Martin, Jack K., et al. “Of Fear and Loathing: The Role of ‘Disturbing Behavior,’ Labels, and Causal Attributions in Shaping Public Attitudes toward People with Mental Illness.” https://www.jstor.org/stable/2676306.
Meerman, Sanne te, et al. “ADHD and reification: Four ways a psychiatric construct is portrayed as a disease.” https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1055328/full.
“Milgram experiment.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milgram_experiment. Accessed 22 May 2024.
Niemiec, Ryan M. “Finding the golden mean: the overuse, underuse, and optimal use of character strengths.” https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333222366_Finding_the_golden_mean_the_overuse_underuse_and_optimal_use_of_character_strengths.
Ogletree, Shirley Matile, et al. “Interpersonal Blame and Perceptions of Choice.” Interpersonal Blame and Perceptions of Choice.
Speakes-Lewis, Amandia. “Understanding Blame and Burnout in HIV/AIDS: Recommendations for Effective Practice.” Understanding Blame and Burnout in HIV/AIDS: Recommendations for Effective Practice.
Zimbardo, Philip, et al. “Plaque at the location of the Stanford prison experiment.” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment. Accessed 22 May 2024.

When engaging in research or data analyses, the ability to spot ethical pitfalls is key. Understanding research design and methods allows the individual to spot faulty reasoning and to point out conclusions that could be unethical or dangerous. This is an applicable skill set for many different career paths. In this 3-part questionnaire, you will be assessed on your understanding of the various components of research design and the scientific method.
Select 2 research articles from peer-reviewed psychology journals in the University Library (see the documents uploaded). Refer to Table 2.2, “A List of Psychological Journals by Type of Article Published,” located on p. 71 in Ch. 2 of The Process of Research and Statistical Analysis in Psychology, to help you with your search. This list includes both general psychology journals and journals that specialize in a particular area of psychology.
Apply the scientific method to evaluate the evidence presented in the articles you selected. Use these articles as a framework for completing the following 3-part questionnaire.
Part 1
Write a 75- to 125-word answer to each of the following questions:
What is the purpose of each of the sections in a typical research article?
What are the steps to critically evaluate research articles, and how does the scientific method help you do this? 
Part 2
Write a 75- to 125-word answer to each of the following questions:
What is the importance of research in behavioral sciences?
What is the relationship between applied research and basic research? Provide an example, from your selected studies, of how each contributes to the body of knowledge.
What ethical issues can you identify in the selected articles? How were the issues addressed or neglected? 
Part 3
Write a 75- to 125-word answer to each of the following questions:
Identify 3 research topics that you might want to explore further as you go through this course.
List appropriate sources, including databases, that you might use when exploring these topics. 
Include a reference page and format your citations according to APA guidelines.

The purpose of this assignment is to help you understand how the five principles of interpersonal communication function in real life, by listening to a “real-world” (albeit fictionalized, but still realistic) example of two people communicating.
Listen to this section of the This American Life podcast that is linked from this week’s module, and note that you only need to listen to the section from about 23:00 to about 28:00 (the two versions of the fictional phone conversation).
After listening, write a 1 1/2 to 2 pg. (double-spaced) discussion about how the two versions of this conversation illustrate the Five Principles of Interpersonal Communication discussed on pgs. 18 through 20 of your textbook, if you have the soft-cover print version (16th Edition), or in the online version of the textbook, Section 1-4a “Communication Principles”. (These are also covered in the PowerPoint on slides 9 and 10.) In other words, how does this conversation illustrate ways in which interpersonal communication can be intentional or unintentional, the fact that it is impossible not to communicate, that communication is irreversible, etc. (covering all Five Principles of Interpersonal Communication)?
link to podcast https://www.thisamericanlife.org/462/own-worst-enemy/act-two-7
Please listen to the linked section of this podcast (This American Life); the whole piece is about 14 minutes long, and you are welcome to listen to the entire thing, but the section that is relevant to your first written assignment (linked below) is from about 23:00 to 28:00 (two versions of a phone conversation between a man and a woman). Note that these are FICTIONALIZED versions of a conversation that, nevertheless, illustrate some important principles of interpersonal communication.
NOTE: When you click on this link, you will see a page that says the main title of this act (Act 2) of the podcast, “The Conversation”. If you click the large “Play” arrow just to the left of the words “The Conversation,” this section of the podcast will begin playing, and you can stop at around the 28 minute mark. Alternatively, if you’d prefer to listen on your phone through Apple Podcasts or another podcasting service, just search for the “This American Life” podcast, Episode 462, and go approximately 23 minutes in to find this section.