Category: Public Service

Please look at the paper guide and topic below for more details. Please note that list (in APA or MLA format) at least 10 sources (not 5 like in the guide) for your research paper. 
Five(5) of these sources must be academic (see paper guidelines for a description of an academic source).
DO NOT give me a list of URLs.

A public service or service of general (economic) interest is any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to the aggregate members of a community.Public services are available to people within a government jurisdiction as provided directly through public sector agencies or via public financing to private businesses or voluntary organizations (or even as provided by family households, though terminology may differ depending on context). Other public services are undertaken on behalf of a government’s residents or in the interest of its citizens. The term is associated with a social consensus (usually expressed through democratic elections) that certain services should be available to all, regardless of income, physical ability or mental acuity. Examples of such services include the fire brigade, police, air force, and paramedics (see also public service broadcasting).A public service may sometimes have the characteristics of a public good (being non-rivalrous and non-excludable), but most are services which may (according to prevailing social norms) be under-provided by the market. In most cases public services are services, i.e. they do not involve manufacturing of goods. They may be provided by local or national monopolies, especially in sectors that are natural monopolies.
They may involve outputs that are hard to attribute to specific individual effort or hard to measure in terms of key characteristics such as quality. They often require high levels of training and education. They may attract people with a public service ethos who wish to give something to the wider public or community through their work.
The process of assessing the needs of the people of an area, and then designing and securing an appropriate public service to meet those needs, is often referred to in the UK as commissioning. The commissioned services may be delivered by organisations in the public sector, private sector or third sector:when the private or third sector is involved the process of commissioning will usually be linked with a process of procurement, to determine who will provide the services, at what cost and on what terms. Commissioning is often seen as a cyclical process.
Governing bodies have long provided core public services. The tradition of keeping citizens secure through organized military defence dates to at least four thousand years ago.
Maintaining order through local delegated authority originated at least as early as the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE) in ancient China with the institution of xiàn (prefectures) under the control of a centrally appointed prefect. Historical evidence of state provision of dispute resolution through a legal/justice system goes back at least as far as ancient Egypt.
A primary public service in ancient history involved ensuring the general favor of the gods through a theologically and ceremonially correct state religion.
The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries usually began in the late nineteenth century, often with the municipal development of gas and water services. Later, governments began to provide other services such as electricity and health care. In most developed countries, local or national governments continue to provide such services, the biggest exceptions being the U.S. and the UK, where private provision is arguably proportionally more significant. Nonetheless, such privately provided public services are often strongly regulated, for example (in the US) by Public Utility Commissions.
In developing countries, public services tend to be much less well developed. For example, water services might only be available to the wealthy middle class. For political reasons, the service is often subsidized, which reduces the finance potentially available for expansion to poorer communities.[citation needed] The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 5 is however, a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics.

Topic: Public Employee Motivation
This exercise asks you to select a topic, do a literature search, and identify the approach taken by studies found in your search.
INSTRUCTIONS
Select a topic of social research of your interest in public administration and policy (e.g. public employee empowerment), nonprofit management (e.g. the size of nonprofit sector), or other area in social science. Remember that a topic of social research must have some social aspect, which means that it involves people, organizations, institutions, or governments.
Do a search by entering your chosen topic. The search will generate a lengthy list of articles. By clicking on the title of each listed article, you will go to another page that presents an abstract, which is a concise summary of the article.
Read the abstracts of first five (5) articles that report social research and identify the approach (or approaches) taken in the reported studies.
To earn full credit for this assignment:State your topic of interest.
List the five articles, including proper citation for each.
Identify the research approach for each article.
Five Articles:
See attached articles.