Category: speech

PERSUASION OUTLINING – PROBLEM/CAUSE/SOLUTION, CAUSE/EFFECT/SOLUTION, MONROE
There are several ways to organize a persuasion speech. We will focus on the three most popular: Problem-Cause-Solution, Cause-Effect-Solution, and Monroe’s Motivated Sequence.
For all three organization patterns, all structural components that we have been working on should stay in place including all seven steps of an introduction, internal previews, two subpoints per main point, three steps of a conclusion, etc. The persuasive organization patterns help you to organize the three main points. All persuasive speeches for this course should have three main points. Description of each is listed below.
PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION
The problem-cause-solution speech is a three main point speech named for the focus of each main point: first point covers problems, second point reveals the causes of that problem, and third point focuses on solutions.
First point: Problem
In the point, regardless of how you subpoints are set up, the audience should understand what the problem is and why the problem is bad. In other words, define the problem and describe its harms.
Second point: Causes
By the end of the first point, the audience should be so enraged or concerned by the problem that they want to know what is causing the harms. So, point 2 becomes the causes, telling the audience either what created the problem in the first place, or what allows the problem to continue.
Third Point: Solutions
Solve for the causes. If the causes are eliminated, then the problem shouldn’t exist. Include a personal solution. Tell the audience what they can specifically do to help solve the problem. For example, if the problem is plastic bags cause environmental harm, the personal solution is to start using reusable bags.
CAUSE-EFFECT-SOLUTION
The cause-effect-solution speech is a three main point speech named for the focus of each main point: first point covers causes of a problem, second point reveals the effects of that problem, and third point focuses on solutions.
First point: Causes
This is identical to the cause point above. Tell the audience what is causing a problem to take place by focusing on what created the problem or what is allowing the problem to continue as of this moment in time.
Second point: Effects
This point focuses exclusively on harms. Tell the audience what harms have been created by the causes or what harms will occur. By the end of this point, the audience shold be ready and willing to move into solutions.
Third point: Solutions
Again, eliminate the causes and offer a personal solution.
MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE
Named after longtime Purdue University Professor Alan H. Monroe, the motivated sequence is a five step persuasion organization pattern, with significant real-world implications. Even though is has five steps, the middle three are the main body points, so it has the same main points as the other two organization patterns. Monroe is thoroughly described in pages 122-123 of your text. A quick summary is listed below.
Attention: Get the audiences attention and introduce the problem. Give a preview of the speech. In other words, the attention step is your seven step intro.
Need: This is a hybrid cause-effect point. In other words, convince the audience that there is a harm (need) caused by something.
Satisfaction: The satisfaction step is the solution step. Eliminate causes and offer a personal solution.
Visualization: This is unique to Monroe. Ask the audience to visualize a world with your solutions in place. Or scare them into showing how bad things will get if the solution is not completed.
After the visualization step in complete, begin the conclusion. This final part of a Monroe’s speech (replacing your social significant ending) is the
Action: Tell the audience what to do in that exact moment. The action step is essentially a call to action. If you are giving a speech persuading people to donate to a charity, this is where you ask for the money. 
WHY THE NEED FOR THREE?
Problem-Cause-Solution works best for speeches that are brand new or the audience has never heard of. Cause-Effect-Solution works better for problems that are a little older or can easily be explained in the intro as the goal here is to create an immediate sense of urgency. Monroe works better if arguing from the positive, or in a sales process. If you think about it, all good infomercials are essentially Monroe speeches.
TESTING LOGIC- TOULMIN’S MODEL AND FALLACIES
TOULMIN’S MODEL
Toulmin’s model helps to test for the validity of an argument. It’s a really practical tool for navigating through everyday life and gauging the validity of persuasive messages that come our way.
The book does an excellent job of summarizing Toulmin. Please read pages 174-179 of the text.
FALLACIES
Fallacies are faulty arguments. Having read about Toulmin’s model, fallacies should be easier to identify if you can pick out the warrant. Once the warrant is discovered, compare the relationship to the list of fallacies to see if there is an argumentative error.
The fallacies are listed on pages 186-191 of your textbook.
You will get practice working with fallacies in both the fallacy quiz, and next week’s listening assignment.
CITING SOURCES WHILE SPEAKING
Citing sources in a speech is not the same as citing sources in an APA paper. While one can never technically cite too much information, the focus should be on citing information that will improve your personal ethos. Usually, this is a matter of recency (how new is the source) and quality (does the information come from a reputable place). Below you will find what you must cite while speaking for every type of source.
Books (Author and Title)
“The book, Why I Love Speech Class by Orville Oratory states…”
Magazines (Publication and Date)
“The Economist of June 14, 2019 indicates…”
Journals (Publication and Date)
“The May 2018 Journal of the American Medical Association reveals…”
Newspapers (Publication and Date)
“According to the February 14, 2016 New York Times…”
Websites (Url or Agency + date the site was either accessed or updated)
“According to ed.gov” or “The U.S. Department of Education’s website claims…”
Reminders:
Always cite at the beginning of a sentence (Source, then data…) Remember, the spoken word is different than writing a paper and the source should be indicated before the corresponding information to improve speaker credibility.
Try to use different words to indicate what the source says (states, reveals, explains, concludes, etc.)
3 out of the four sources must be published. The fourth source can come from anywhere.
Assignments/Assessment
1. PERSUASION SPEECH
This unit all leads to developing this speech.
Time Limit: 6-8 minutes
Goal: The primary goal of the persuasion speech is to explain a problem to the audience and motivate (persuade) the audience to accept and partake in a proposed solution. The speech should use one of the organizational patterns we discussed in class: problem-cause- solution, cause-effect-solution, or Monroe’s Motivated Sequence. You should indicate which organizational pattern you are using at the top of your outline.
15 pts. – Introduction – are all of the necessary steps present? AGD, thesis, preview, etc? Include a source in the intro to improve ETHOS.
15 pts. – Structure – does the speech follow one of the outline patterns listed above? Are all subpoints parallel and independent? Are there internal previews? Transitions?
50 pts. – Problem/Strength of Argument – do we understand the problem at hand? (Problem should be well defined and researched.)  Is your argument logical? (Problem should be fallacy free, adequately sourced, solid Data/Warrants/Claim.)  Do we understand what is causing the problem? Do you adequately cover the problem’s harms? Please see the grading rubrics posted online—these points are more specifically divided up with one rubric for Problem/Cause/Solution and Cause/Effect/Solution speeches and a separate rubric is used for speeches based on Monroe.  You must include both quantitative and qualitative evidence to be successful! Do not forget to include narrative evidence. PATHOS and LOGOS.
25 pts. – Solutions – Do you solve the problem (causes eliminated)? Does your solution include something that the audience can personally do to solve the problem (personal solutions)? Is there proof that your solution works?
5 pts. – Conclusion – restate thesis/tags, refer back to AGD, social significant ending.
30pts. – Delivery – eye contact, pacing, rate, gestures, facial expressions, no vocal patterns, no vocal garbage, energy, excitement, feeling, no more than two 5”x7” notecards (or 2 half sheets of paper.)
10 pts. – Sources/Outline – This speech needs at least FOUR sources. THREE of them need to be from published sources. Include a references page at the end in proper APA format. You should also indicate in your TYPED OUTLINE where each source is used/cited.
2. PERSUASION SPEECH OUTLINE 25 POINTS
For your persuasive speech outline, you will complete the following and submit to the persuasion outline dropbox:
Write out Introduction
Write out your entire introduction in paragraph form including at least one source. Correctly cite the source as if you were speaking (follow the “Citation Rules” handout. 9 points
Outline Body
Complete the body of the speech in outline format while completing the following: 6 points
List the proactive tag for each point
Indicate where all evidence will be used
Make sure that sub points are clear and independent
The body portion of the outline should be long enough for me to completely understand your argument and where you will be using your evidence, but short enough to that it remains an outline, not a complete paper.
The reader should be able to tell from your outline which of the four persuasive organizational patterns you are using
References Page
Complete a references page in correct APA format. All sources that are in your references should be used in the outline somewhere. Your final outline, submitted with the speech should have at least 4 sources, 3 of which should be published. Most good persuasive speeches have 7-10 sources. For this initial outline, provide at least 2 sources.  10 points
These directions are repeated in the dropbox.

Speech Assignment
Guidelines
Length: deliver the presentation within 5-7 minutes
Visual Aid: Display slide show during the speech 
Organization: Organize the speech according to the process we have been studying this term –             introduction, body, and conclusion (each with the components specified in the relevant textbook        chapters)
Delivery: Deliver the presentation with the use of light note cards

Informal Speech!
In accordance with the guidelines in Chapter 7, compose a speech outline (preferably for the speech you will   deliver in the next unit).  The outline should…
Contain all of the elements of a speech outline specified at the begining of section 7.1 (speech                     introduction, speech conclusion, etc.).
Be structured according to the guidelines in the video in section 7.3, “Principles for Creating a Formal        Outline.” 

Have at least two sources with in-text citations in the body of the outline and an APA References list after the conclusion.
Be a “phrase” outline without any full sentences, just phrases as shown in the video in section 7.3,               “Principles for Creating a Formal Outline.”

Special Occasion Speech (Tribute Presentation): A special occasion speech designed to introduce the audience to a person
worthy of examination by a large audience whose primary social significance is post-1970. You may use PowerPoint, the Elmo
system or other suitable media for your visual/ presentational aids (though you may supplement your speech with additional
aids). The length of the speech will be 6-7 minutes. Professional attire (business casual or better) is strongly recommended.
The content of the speech is to be decided by you. You should select an individual who you feel is worthy of informing others
about. You should use a public figure; please, don’t argue how your dad could beat up their dad. Topics must be submitted via
email; you will be notified when you may submit your topics by the instructor. Failure to submit a topic by the assigned
deadline may result in a grade penalty prescribed by the instructor.
Any must be delivered in an extemporaneous manner; anyone utilizing a manuscript will see a 25-point penalty. Properly cited
sources are mandatory and should include more than just Internet citations. You will be expected to have a balanced and
comprehensive methodology; ALL information taken from a specific source should be properly attributed.
– For the video attached it begins at minute 10:58.
– The person I choose for this topic is Lionel Messi,
– Please use power point for presentation. 

first speech topic is available so you may research and give your speech on Affordable Housing.
You now have two things to do prior to Monday.  
Create your 4 survey questions to determine your classmates’ viewpoints and attitudes on Affordable Housing.
Refer to the PowerPoint slides on Persuasion, especially the slides on Target Audience and Survey Questions.
Try to have a mix of the question types (Fixed Alternative, Scale Questions, and Open-Ended).
ALL INFORMATION SHOULD COME FROM THIS WEBSITE NOTHING CAN COME FROM ANY OTHER SOURCE 
Sample Persuasive Speech
Problem-Cause-Solution Order
General Purpose:  To persuade
Specific Purpose:  To persuade my listeners to support the rotation of names on voting ballots
Central Idea:          Rotating names on a ballot can eliminate the unfair advantage that some candidates
Enjoy
Introduction
Imagine you are running for political office.
Then imagine you lose the election because your name is not listed first on the voting ballot.
This unfairness happens year after year, all over the world.
The reason for this is very simple and random:  the first names listed on the voting ballots receive an unfair advantage over all other names that follow.
In preparation for this speech I have done extensive research on the topic of voter ballots.
Over the next few minutes, I will persuade you to support the rotation of names on the voting ballots. 
Transition:  Let’s begin with the problem by examining this example.
Body
Main Point I. Typically, the first name listed on a voting ballot will receive 2 to 4 percent more votes than the other names, according to the New York State Board of Elections representative and attorney David McCoy.
Although name placement doesn’t guarantee victory, it does provide an unfair advantage to the first person listed.
Imagine this scenario:  Anne Adams and Linda Yates are running for mayor (change slide).
Simply because her name appears first, Anne Adams will receive a 2 to 4 percent advantage.
This seems like a minimal number, but it is enough to provide a winning victory in a close race.
Watch what happens when we apply the 2 percent advantage example.
Adams will win, 51 to 49 percent (change slide).
But if names are alphabetically reversed, or rotated, Yates would win, 51 to 49 percent.
Transition:  We examined the problem; now, let’s discuss the causes.
Main Point II.  The average voter shows a preference for whichever names is listed first on a voter ballot.
This raises a question of “why?” 
Dr. Jon Krosnick of Stanford University has researched this tendency to select the name listed first and drew the following conclusions. 
Many voters are unaware of the issues that each candidate stands supports, or they are undecided on who to vote for. 
However, because they feel obligated to vote, these voters tend to choose the top name on the list.
This tendency for the first-listed candidate to win is well-documented in local and minor elections.
Statistics professor Don Peters of the City College of New York, conducted a longitudinal study on election results of the past 26 years for the New York City School District (change slide).
Prof. Peters’ research confirmed that candidates were much more likely to win if their name was listed first.
Transition:  We have examined the problem and its causes, next let’s explore a potential solution.
Main Point III.  A simple way to resolve this issue is to rotate all the names.
A. Each candidate’s name would appear in the top spot an equal number of times.
Let’s expand our original example of Adams and Yates to include one additional candidate. (Change slide.)
Yates, Adams and Garcia are running.
One third of voters would see Yates’ name first, one third would see Adams’ name first and one third would see Garcia listed first.
This process is fair because it allows each person to experience the 2 to 4 percent advantage on an equal number of ballots. 
Name rotation has been successfully tried in some states and counties.
For instance in the state of Ohio, rotation occurs by district.
Dr. Krosnick’s research further reveals that Ohio has the fairest election in the nation.
In other areas, there are campaigns that are in support of the rotation system.
Throughout the world, some nations are trying to establish fair election procedures.
Voter reformers are at work in nations that list names alphabetically, including Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. 
In New Zealand, some candidates change their last name to Aaronson, Abbey and Abernathy to have a chance at the top position on the ballot (Change slide).
Conclusion 
In conclusion, let’s review what we discussed today.
The first candidate listed on a voter ballot typically receives a 2 to 4 per cent advantage over the other candidates.
The solution is to implement a rotation system with each candidate listed first an equal number of times.
It is a simply solution, and also one that is free.  
I urge you to support the rotation system in your community and state elections.
Please sign your name and print your email on the attached petition to support the change.
With enough support, you can help prevent an unqualified candidate from being elected, simply because of the spelling of their last name.

SPEECH OUTLINE
1. **Overview of AI Technology**: Introduce what artificial intelligence is, its main components, and how it works.
2. **Industry Applications**: Discuss how AI is being used in different sectors such as healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and entertainment.
3. **Ethical Considerations**: Address the ethical implications and challenges posed by AI, including privacy concerns and job displacement.
4. **Future Prospects**: Speculate on future developments in AI and its potential impacts on society and economy.
OUTLINE INSTRUCTIONS:
Topic
Choose a topic that you are interested in and that your audience might be interested in.
Format
This outline must be at least 3 pages long and use 12-point font.
Use appropriate coordination and subordination. Use full sentences, including subjects and verbs for the main ideas or main points and the 1st order of subordinate ideas or sub-points. Consistently use either full-sentence or list form for 2nd -order sub-points supporting the same 1st order sub-point. use list form for 3rd order, 4th order, and 5th order sub-points.
Enhance the readability of the outline. Use only one idea per point, only one sentence per point, single-space each point, and double-space vertically between points. Leave a line of white space between each point at every level.
Transitions between major sections and the main points should be provided in the outline. Use transitions to move the audience’s attention from one section to another or from one main point to another.
Use a consistent pattern of indentation. Type main points flush with the left margin. Indent 5 spaces for 1st-order sub-points, 10 spaces for 2nd-order sub-points, 15 spaces for 3rd-order sub-points, 20 spaces for 4th-order sub-points.
Use the following system to label the points in the body:
Main Points: upper case Roman numerals [I, II, III, IV, V]
1st -order sub-points: upper case letters [A, B, C, D, E]
2nd -order sub-points: Arabic numerals [1, 2.3, 4, 5]
3rd -order sub-points: lower-case letters {a, b, c, d, e],
4th -order sub-points: Arabic numerals in parentheses [(1), (2), (3)]
Content
Specific Purpose:
Your specific purpose should consist of the following three parts:
Specific Communication Word (use an infinitive phrase…to inform, to persuade, to explain)
Target Audience (classmates, colleagues, students…)
The Content (how to do something, why one thing is better than the other…)
Thesis (or Central Idea Statement):
This should be one complete sentence that provides an overview of your presentation.
The introduction should gain attention, orient the audience by stating the topic, offer a reason for listening, and preview the body of the speech. The introduction (which may be outlined or written word-for-word) is designed to
gain the attention of the audience; and
establish the speaker’s credibility; and
establish offering a compelling reason for listening; and
orient the audience to your topic/purpose/central idea; and
preview your main points
Do not say “I will tell the story of ____,” or “I will do X, Y, or Z.” outline or write the story here in the Introduction, such as “Have you ever found yourself repeating mistakes you have made before?” outline or write the question here.
Transitions may link major sections OR main ideas OR subordinate ideas within the body of the speech.
The body must contain 2-5 main points using patterns of organization covered in the textbook; other patterns of must have prior approval by the instructor. Each main point must be well supported by 2-5 1st-order sub-points designed to illustrate the main points (examples, illustrations, facts, quotations, etc.) Don’t overload the audience with information. Move from simple to complex ideas. Move from familiar to unfamiliar ideas. Define your terms.
The body develops your ideas, condenses your thinking and research, ensuring that you have done an adequate job of preparation. The entire outline should contain more material than you have time to use in your speech and must be at least 3 pages in length [2 full + 1 partial). You must use two-five (2-5) main ideas and two-five (2-5) subordinate (sub-points) points for each main point or higher-level sub-point.
The conclusion should restate or summarize the main points and communicate a sense of finality (verbally or nonverbally indicate that you have finished talking). You may end with a story or quotation.
The conclusion (which may be outline or written word-for-word) communicates a sense of finality and should
signal the end of your speech; and
recap your main points, and
provide a clincher.
References
The references section reports where you found the information for your speech. There are two general sources of information: your own personal experience and what you have learned from outside sources (reading or interviewing). You must indicate where you obtained your information. You are expected to provide at least five credible sources for this speech.
If some of your information came from your own experience, specify that personal experience in the reference. For example, “I based this speech on water safety totally upon my personal experience as a lifeguard at Norms’ Resort, Cottage Lake, for the seven summers from 1959 until 1965.” Your personal experience will count as only one of five or more sources of information required.
You must include and cite properly (in APA format) at least one source from the Columbia College library database. Do not use Wikipedia as a source of information. However, if you cite electronic sources, provide enough information so that I could duplicate your search. Include at least the author or editor, title, date, publication medium, publisher, and the Universal Resource Locator (URL), which includes protocol, site, path, and file.

Turn in your outline for your acceptance speech here.  I have attached a blank copy of the outline below or you can build your own outline from scratch.   I have also attached an example of a student accepting the lovely student award.  Note how the speaker highlights personal improvements that have made them a worthy recipient. 

Description:  Compose and post a brief speech on speech anxiety, using 2 of the 4 references listed here: M11 Sources for Oral Citation Speech (Speech #2)
PLEASE USE ONLY THE REFERENCES THE INSTRUCTOR PROVIDED. Be sure to present the complete oral citation for both of your sources/references.
Topic: Oral Citations
Time Limit: no limit
Purpose: Practice presenting complete oral citations. This will help with the Informative Speech.
Oral Citation Format for Different Types of Sources
Goal
As you start to prepare for your Informative speech, you need to also start practicing reciting oral citations. You need to present 3 oral citations in your Informative Speech and 5 oral citations in your Persuasive Speech. This exercise will give you some practice.
Different Types of Sources 
Here is more specific information on oral citations for different types of sources: 
Oral Citations for Articles (Journal or Newspaper)
Articles – if you are orally citing information from a magazine, newspaper or journal article provide the author’s credentials (if relevant), the full date and title of the source.
Sample Oral Citations for Articles:
According to Reginald Johnson, a sports columnist for the Chicago Sun Times, in an article from May 31, 2022…
Newsweek magazine of June 1, 2017, lists bankruptcy as the…
The Minneapolis Star Tribune of January 31, 2018, quotes Chris Nowinski, cofounder of the Concussion Legacy Foundation, on the dangers of youth tackle football. “Children,” he says, “were never intended to be hit in the head five hundred times in three months every year while their brain is going through incredible development.”
Oral Citations for Books 
Books – if you are citing information from a book, provide the full title of the book, year of publication, and a brief mention of the author’s credentials.
Sample Oral Citations for Books:
In her 2017 book, The Difficult Child, Erin Cooper, a child psychologist, notes children….
In his 2022 book, How to Really Play Dominoes, Jeremiah Johnson, two-time domino tournament winner, recalls….
Oral Citations for Webpages (Companies, Organizations, etc.)
Websites/Webpages – if you are citing a website you need to establish the credibility of the site. Please do not use Wikipedia, ask Jeeves, or other non-credible websites. If you are citing a website, be sure you mention the following information in your oral citation:
The title of the website
The author(s)/sponsoring organization supports the site
Check the credentials of the site. Look for links like “About Us” or “Our Mission” to determine the credibility of the site.
The last date the article or information was updated, if known (sometimes at 
the bottom of a content page you can find this date) OR The date you accessed the website/webpage
If you cannot find this information on a website/webpage, you may want to consider 
finding a different source. The credibility of this information is in question. 
Oral Citations for Websites 
In an oral citation of a website, you do not need to give the URL.
Sample Oral Citations for Websites:
One of the most active developers of neurotechnology, Cyberkinetics.com, claims on their website, last updated on March 24, 2006, that…
From the website maintained by the Wisconsin Council of Dairy Farmers entitled “Dairy Products and Your Diet”, as of January 10, 2007, yogurt proves to be…OR
From the website maintained by the Wisconsin Council of Dairy Farmers entitled “Dairy Products and Your Diet”, I accessed on January 3rd of this year, yogurt proves to be…
Please remember an oral citation should give the listener enough information to find the source. Therefore, just stating the newspaper title or the author is not enough information.
Compose and post/upload a brief speech, using 2 of the 4 references listed on the following content page: M11 Sources for Oral Citation Speech (Speech #2)
Be sure to present the complete oral citation for both of your sources/references.
Review the following content page for more information on what information must be included in a complete oral citation: M11: Oral Citation Format for Different Types of Sources